The shaping of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), referring to the integration of small submillimeter MOF crystals into bulk samples with desired size, shape and mechanical stability, is an important step for the practical use of this class of porous materials in many applications. MOFs are constructed by the coordination bonding of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands. Since coordination bonds are mostly weaker than covalent bands, MOFs show a relatively low stability compared to conventional porous materials, such as zeolites or porous carbon-based materials. Thus, many shaping methods for the conventional porous materials involving treatments under harsh conditions could not be directly applied to prepare shaped MOFs. However, the inorganic–organic hybrid nature of MOFs also affords the opportunity of developing unique methods for shaping the materials. Herein, an overview of some classic methods for the shaping of MOFs is presented, including granulation, extrusion, spray drying, and pressing. In addition, the recently developed methods for the preparation of shaped MOFs used in separation and gas storage, including templated shaping, self-shaping, shaping by in situ growth on substrates, and shaping with sacrificial materials, are highlighted.

中文翻译：

---

金属有机骨架成型的最新进展

金属有机骨架（MOF）的成形，是指将亚毫米级的MOF小晶体整合到具有所需尺寸，形状和机械稳定性的块状样品中，是在许多应用中实际使用此类多孔材料的重要步骤。MOF通过金属离子/团簇和有机配体的配位键构建。由于配位键通常比共价键弱，因此与传统的多孔材料（例如沸石或多孔碳基材料）相比，MOF的稳定性相对较低。因此，涉及苛刻条件下处理的常规多孔材料的许多成型方法不能直接用于制备成型的MOF。然而，MOF的无机-有机杂化性质也为开发独特的材料成型方法提供了机会。在此，概述了一些用于MOF成形的经典方法，包括造粒，挤压，喷雾干燥和压制。此外，最近开发的用于分离和储气的成型MOF的制备方法包括模板成型，自成型，突出显示了在基材上的原位生长以及使用牺牲材料进行成型的过程。