Funding information National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 41771372; UK National Environmental Research Council; EU Framework IV; Texas Agricultural Experiment Station; Flinders University Abstract The purpose of this study is to quantify (a) spatiotemporal deforestation patterns, and (b) the relationships between changes in the main land-cover types in the Chapare region of Bolivia. We applied subspace classification methods to LANDSAT data from 1986, 1999, and 2018 and used grid cells at scales of 150, 300, 600, and 900 m to measure deforestation trajectories. The 150 m grids provided better detail to determine deforestation trajectories than coarser-scale grid cells. Differences in grid-cell scale did not influence the statistical trends in land-cover changes significantly. Changes in forest area were negatively correlated with changes in cropland (r = −.44), grassland (r = −.34), swamp grassland (r = −.38), and regrowth (r = −.32) areas. Correlations between forest losses in cropland, grassland, and regrowth change analyses were weaker between 1999 and 2018 compared to 1986 to 1999. Forest cover declined from 6,635 km (1986) to 3,800 km (2018), and the deforestation rate increased from an annual average of 1.36% between 1986 and 1999 to 2.0% between 1999 and 2018. The key proximate drivers of forest clearance rates and patterns were increasing population, agricultural expansion, and road building. While coca is an economically important crop in Chapare, its direct and indirect effects on deforestation could not be determined unambiguously. It is probable that the expansion of agriculture will lead to further deforestation and forest fragmentation and, along with decreases in forest cover, further changes will take place between non-forest categories.

中文翻译：

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使用 Landsat 图像对玻利维亚查帕雷地区森林砍伐的时空分析

基金信息 国家自然科学基金，资助/奖励号：41771372；英国国家环境研究委员会；欧盟框架四；德克萨斯农业试验站；弗林德斯大学摘要 本研究的目的是量化 (a) 时空森林砍伐模式，以及 (b) 玻利维亚查帕雷地区主要土地覆盖类型变化之间的关系。我们将子空间分类方法应用于 1986、1999 和 2018 年的 LANDSAT 数据，并使用 150、300、600 和 900 m 尺度的网格单元来测量森林砍伐轨迹。150 m 网格比粗尺度网格单元提供了更好的细节来确定森林砍伐轨迹。网格单元尺度的差异对土地覆盖变化的统计趋势没有显着影响。森林面积的变化与农田 (r = -.44)、草地 (r = -.34)、沼泽草地 (r = -.38) 和再生 (r = -.32) 区域的变化呈负相关。与 1986 年至 1999 年相比，1999 年至 2018 年农田、草地森林损失与再生变化分析之间的相关性较弱。森林覆盖率从 6,635 公里（1986 年）下降到 3,800 公里（2018 年），森林砍伐率从年平均水平上升从 1986 年至 1999 年的 1.36% 到 1999 年至 2018 年的 2.0%。 森林砍伐率和模式的主要直接驱动因素是人口增加、农业扩张和道路建设。虽然古柯是查帕雷的重要经济作物，但无法明确确定其对森林砍伐的直接和间接影响。