False Data Injection Attack (FDIA) is one of the most dangerous cyber attacks against smart power grids, as it could cause severe physical and economic damage. In this paper, we review and compare previous surveys on FDIA, which mostly focus only on the state estimation component. Differently, our survey describes the FDIAs that target the different components of the on-line power system security. It also provides two novel attack classifications. The first classification categorizes the different FDIAs with respect to three levels: targeted systems at the first level, targeted subsystems at the second level, and the attacks targeting the subsystems at the third level. The second classification considers two criteria: targeted sub system and the impact of the attack, which can be physical and/or economic. The countermeasures are classified according to two dimensions: (i) the targeted subsystem and (ii) the class of countermeasure: preventive or detective. Both preventive and detective classes are further categorized according to different approaches. In addition, the countermeasures are presented along with their performance results. Finally, open issues are identified, and future research directions are recommended.

错误数据注入攻击（FDIA）是针对智能电网的最危险的网络攻击之一，因为它可能导致严重的物理和经济损失。在本文中，我们回顾并比较了以前关于FDIA的调查，这些调查主要只关注状态估计组件。不同的是，我们的调查描述了针对在线电力系统安全性不同组件的FDIA。它还提供了两种新颖的攻击分类。第一类从三个级别对不同的FDIA进行了分类：第一级别的目标系统，第二级别的目标子系统和第三级别的子系统攻击。第二类考虑两个标准：目标子系统和攻击的影响，这可能是物理的和/或经济的。对策根据两个维度进行分类：（i）目标子系统和（ii）对策的类别：预防或侦探。预防和侦探类别都根据不同的方法进一步分类。此外，还提供了对策及其性能结果。最后，确定未解决的问题，并建议未来的研究方向。