Abstract This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of water quality from 2000 to 2015 in the Grombalia basin aquifer, northern Tunisia. Some physicochemical parameters of collected samples were measured and processed in a GIS environment. Quantitative assessments of their distribution patterns and spatio-temporal variability were performed. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolator and map algebra procedures were the used GIS tools. During 2000, 2015 campaigns 21 groundwater samples were collected from georeferenced boreholes and analyzed for Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, SO42−, HCO3−, Cl−, EC, pH, T°, O2, and Salinity. Hydrochemical indices were also estimated such as sodium adsorption ratio, total dissolved solids, and soluble-sodium percentage. Findings were examined in terms of water quality, salinization degree and deterioration rate. During the considered interval, a mixed facies of Cl–SO4–Na–Ca, which remained roughly unchanged, characterizes the aquifer. While the spatial distribution of almost all ions is the same, the obtained spatio-temporal maps (2000–2015) for each ion indicate different patterns. Significant variations of concentration were observed in the pediplain area. This region is susceptible to contain most suitable sources for irrigation purposes; it represents 23.8% of groundwater samples that are among the good and safe category. Also, there is no significant variations of water quality indices are observed in the aquifer, except for some northern samples (coastal area). Therefore, a slow hydrochemical process maintains the aquifer quality with a moderate variability while an ongoing salinization hazard locally induces the deterioration level.

中文翻译：

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使用地理信息系统对浅层地下水质量进行时空分析，Grombalia 含水层，突尼斯北部

摘要 本研究旨在分析 2000 年至 2015 年突尼斯北部 Grombalia 盆地含水层水质的时空变化。采集样品的一些理化参数在 GIS 环境中进行测量和处理。对其分布模式和时空变异性进行了定量评估。反距离加权 (IDW) 插值器和地图代数程序是使用的 GIS 工具。在 2000 年和 2015 年的活动期间，从地理参考钻孔中收集了 21 个地下水样本，并分析了 Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、SO42−、HCO3−、Cl−、EC、pH、T°、O2 和盐度。还估算了水化学指标，例如钠吸附率、总溶解固体和可溶性钠百分比。根据水质检查结果，盐渍化程度和劣化率。在所考虑的区间内，基本保持不变的 Cl-SO4-Na-Ca 混合相是含水层的特征。虽然几乎所有离子的空间分布都相同，但获得的每个离子的时空图（2000-2015）显示出不同的模式。在平原地区观察到浓度的显着变化。该地区容易包含最适合灌溉目的的水源；它占地下水样本的 23.8%，属于良好和安全类别。此外，除了一些北部样本（沿海地区）外，在含水层中没有观察到水质指数的显着变化。所以，