Mast cells (MCs) are long-living immune cells highly specialized in the storage and release of different biologically active compounds and are involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. MC degranulation and replacement of MC granules are accompanied by active membrane remodelling. Tetraspanins represent an evolutionary conserved family of transmembrane proteins. By interacting with lipids and other membrane and intracellular proteins, they are involved in organisation of membrane protein complexes and act as “molecular facilitators” connecting extracellular and cytoplasmic signaling elements. MCs express different tetraspanins and MC degranulation is accompanied by changes in membrane organisation. Therefore, tetraspanins are very likely involved in the regulation of MC exocytosis and membrane reorganisation after degranulation. Antiviral response and production of exosomes are further aspects of MC function characterized by dynamic changes of membrane organization. In this review, we pay a particular attention to tetraspanin gene expression in different human and murine MC populations, discuss tetraspanin involvement in regulation of key MC signaling complexes, and analyze the potential contribution of tetraspanins to MC antiviral response and exosome production. In-depth knowledge of tetraspanin-mediated molecular mechanisms involved in different aspects of the regulation of MC response will be beneficial for patients with allergies, characterized by overwhelming MC reactions.

中文翻译：

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四跨膜蛋白在肥大细胞功能的调节中。

肥大细胞 (MC) 是一种高度专门化的长寿命免疫细胞，负责储存和释放不同的生物活性化合物，并参与先天性和适应性免疫的调节。MC 脱颗粒和 MC 颗粒的替换伴随着活跃的膜重塑。四跨膜蛋白代表跨膜蛋白的进化保守家族。通过与脂质以及其他膜和细胞内蛋白相互作用，它们参与膜蛋白复合物的组织，并充当连接细胞外和细胞质信号元件的“分子促进剂”。MC 表达不同的四跨膜蛋白，并且 MC 脱粒伴随着膜组织的变化。因此，四跨膜蛋白很可能参与MC胞吐作用和脱颗粒后膜重组的调节。抗病毒反应和外泌体的产生是 MC 功能的另一个方面，其特征是膜组织的动态变化。在这篇综述中，我们特别关注不同人类和小鼠 MC 群体中的四跨膜蛋白基因表达，讨论四跨膜蛋白参与关键 MC 信号复合物的调节，并分析四跨膜蛋白对 MC 抗病毒反应和外泌体产生的潜在贡献。深入了解涉及 MC 反应调节不同方面的四跨膜蛋白介导的分子机制，对于以严重 MC 反应为特征的过敏患者将是有益的。