Nano-sized particles are important components of the Earth biogeochemical system. However, in the Anthropocene, the human activities disturbed their natural cycle and increased their abundance by (i) affecting their emissions and releases; (ii) altering the environmental processes involving nanoparticles; and (iii) introducing anthropogenic nanoparticles (ANPs). Intentionally or unintentionally released, the occurrence of the anthropogenic particles in the environment is continuously rising. Both natural and anthropogenic nanoparticles are recognized as important carriers for trace elements and organic micropollutants and key modifiers of their transport, speciation, bioavailability, and effects in the environment. Nevertheless, currently they are considered separately, despite the necessity of more integrated, broader, and non-sectorial perspective taking together particles of different origins and various processes likely to generate and involve them. The present paper provides a perspective on the environmental processes involving anthropogenic and natural nanoparticles (NNPs) and discusses the role of human activities in nanoparticle cycling, as well as the necessity to bridge the divide between the NNPs and ANPs. The discussion will be supported by the examples of our own research to ask, if there is still a frontier between NNPs and ANPs?

中文翻译：

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天然纳米粒子、人为纳米粒子，前沿在哪里？

纳米粒子是地球生物地球化学系统的重要组成部分。然而，在人类世，人类活动扰乱了它们的自然循环并增加了它们的丰度：(i) 影响它们的排放和释放；(ii) 改变涉及纳米粒子的环境过程；(iii) 引入人为纳米粒子 (ANP)。有意或无意释放，环境中人为颗粒的发生率不断上升。天然和人为纳米粒子都被认为是微量元素和有机微污染物的重要载体，以及它们的运输、物种形成、生物利用度和环境影响的关键调节剂。然而，目前它们被分开考虑，尽管需要更综合、更广泛、和非部门视角将不同来源的粒子和可能产生和涉及它们的各种过程结合在一起。本文提供了对涉及人为和天然纳米粒子 (NNP) 的环境过程的看法，并讨论了人类活动在纳米粒子循环中的作用，以及弥合 NNP 和 ANP 之间鸿沟的必要性。讨论将得到我们自己研究的例子的支持，请问，NNPs 和 ANPs 之间是否还有边界？以及弥合 NNP 和 ANP 之间鸿沟的必要性。讨论将得到我们自己研究的例子的支持，请问，NNPs 和 ANPs 之间是否还有边界？以及弥合 NNP 和 ANP 之间鸿沟的必要性。讨论将得到我们自己研究的例子的支持，请问，NNPs 和 ANPs 之间是否还有边界？