Birds have been among the most important element in lives of humans around the world, due to their presence and abundance in practically all ecosystems. Zapotitlán Salinas, a community of the Tehuacán Valley, has been a site of interest for studying ecology of bird communities, but no previous studies addressing the relationship between humans and birds have been conducted in the area. Based on their local knowledge, people of the area shape the use and conservation of local bird fauna diversity, which is being maintained or lost under the influence of factors like commerce, tourism, agriculture intensification or abandonment, public policies for conservation, environmental changes, among others. This study aims to analyze the patterns of interactions between humans and birds in a context of high biocultural diversity with a long history and facing the environmental and social challenges of semiarid areas. Ecological sampling for documenting bird species richness was conducted from November 2015 to May 2017 in three transects that included agroforestry systems, forests, and fallow agricultural land. The method of counting by fixed radius points at 16 points within the study systems was used. Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with local people who own land in the study areas by random sampling and choosing experts of Zapotitlán Salinas, Puebla, a semiarid natural protected area and, since 2019, recognized as Mixed World Heritage. Some visitor guides of the Helia Bravo Hollis Botanical Garden who are member of the community and local people who dedicated part of their time to catching birds were considered as local experts. They have experience in identifying birds through bird watching and listening to bird songs, as well as their knowledge on behavior and habits of the bird species occurring in their locality. We in addition conducted free listing of bird species recognized by people and interviews on ecological aspects, forms of use, and management of birds using a photographic catalog as visual stimulus. The following aspects were addressed with local people: (i) the bird species of Zapotitlán recognized by them; (ii) the biological, ecological, and behavioral knowledge about these species; (iii) the description of practices of use and management of these animals; (iv) the perceived changes regarding presence and abundance of the wild birds recognized; and (v) the regulations of these practices and uses. Through the ecological sampling, we identified 89 bird species, a number representing nearly 68% of all species reported for the Zapotitlán Valley. The species recorded belong to 61 genera, 26 families, and 11 orders. Local people interviewed recognized 62 morphospecies occurring in their territory, and designated them with 50 local names. The interactions of local people with birds and the knowledge related to habitats and habits varied according to people’s daily life activities and the ways of inter-generational transmission of knowledge. The interactions identified respond to several motivations. The most intense are those of utilitarian nature (three types of use are recognized: nutritional, medicinal, and ornamental), while other less notorious but equally relevant are those related to the awareness and conservation of biological diversity, and aesthetic appreciation of nature. Also relevant are those interactions shaped by the people’s worldview since some species are interpreted as climatic environmental predictors, amulets, or omens. To understand the various human-bird environmental interactions, it is necessary not only to address the utilitarian assessment that species have in a specific place but also those associated with cultural expressions and the connection between these aspects. Lifestyles, traditions, and beliefs model intangible forms of use, such as the interpretation of climate predictors. Ancient roles of birds in local culture are ongoing, and new demand of ornamental birds from cities influences catching activities but local and regional regulations have contributed to maintain them below a critical level.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥中部Zapotitlán谷半干旱地区人与鸟之间的环境相互作用。

由于鸟类在几乎所有生态系统中的存在和丰富，已成为全世界人类生活中最重要的元素之一。特瓦坎河谷的一个社区ZapotitlánSalinas一直是研究鸟类群落生态的重要场所，但是该地区以前尚未进行过有关人类与鸟类之间关系的研究。根据当地人的知识，该地区的人塑造和利用了当地鸟类的多样性，这些物种在商业，旅游，农业集约化或放弃，保护的公共政策，环境变化，其中。这项研究旨在分析具有悠久历史并面临半干旱地区环境和社会挑战的高度生物文化多样性的背景下人与鸟之间的相互作用模式。2015年11月至2017年5月在三个样带进行了生态采样，以记录鸟类的物种丰富度，包括农林业系统，森林和休闲农业用地。在研究系统中使用了按16个固定半径点进行计数的方法。通过随机抽样并选择半干旱自然保护区普埃布拉的ZapotitlánSalinas的专家，对研究区域内拥有土地的当地居民进行了30次深入采访，自2019年以来，该专家被公认为世界混合遗产。属于社区成员的Helia Bravo Hollis植物园的一些游客向导以及将部分时间专用于捕鸟的当地人视为当地专家。他们具有通过观鸟和听鸟鸣来识别鸟类的经验，并且对当地鸟类的行为和习惯有所了解。此外，我们还使用图片目录作为视觉刺激，免费列出了人们认可的鸟类，并就生态方面，使用形式和鸟类管理进行了采访。当地人讨论了以下方面：（i）他们认识到的Zapotitlán鸟类；（ii）关于这些物种的生物学，生态和行为知识；（iii）对这些动物的使用和管理方式的描述；（iv）有关野生鸟类的存在和丰度的感知变化；（v）这些做法和使用的规定。通过生态采样，我们确定了89种鸟类，这一数字几乎占Zapotitlán山谷报告的所有物种的68％。记录的物种属于61属26属11目。采访的当地人认可了在其领土上发生的62种形态，并用50个当地名称命名。当地人与鸟类以及与栖息地和习性有关的知识之间的相互作用因人们的日常生活活动和知识的代际传播方式而异。识别出的相互作用是对多种动机的反应。最激烈的是功利性的（公认的三种使用方式：营养，药用，和装饰性的），而其他一些臭名昭著但同样重要的是那些与生物多样性的认识和保护以及对自然的审美欣赏有关的事物。由于某些物种被解释为气候环境的预测因子，护身符或预兆，因此由人们的世界观所塑造的相互作用也同样重要。为了理解人与鸟之间的各种环境相互作用，不仅有必要解决物种在特定地方所具有的功利性评估，而且还需要与文化表现形式以及这些方面之间的联系相关的评估。生活方式，传统和信仰为无形的使用建模，例如气候预测变量的解释。鸟类在当地文化中的古老角色正在不断发展，