Earthen sites are immobile cultural relics and an important part of cultural heritage with historical, artistic and scientific values. The deterioration of features in earthen sites result in permanent loss of cultural information, causing immeasurable damage to the study of history and culture. Most research on the deterioration of earthen sites has concentrated on physicochemical factors, and information on microbial communities in earthen sites and their relationship with the earthen site deterioration is scarce. We used high-throughput sequencing to analyze bacterial and fungal communities in soils from earthen walls with different degree of deterioration at Jinsha earthen site to characterize the microbial communities and their correlation with environmental factors, and to compare microbial community structures and the relative abundances of individual taxa associated with different degree of deterioration for identifying possible marker taxa. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were higher and that of Actinobacteria lower with higher degree of deterioration. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Rubrobacter were highest in all sample groups except in the most deteriorated samples where that of Bacteroides was highest. The relative abundance of the yeast genus Candida was highest in the severely deteriorated sample group. The bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Bacteroides, and fungal class Saccharomycetes that includes Candida sp. were specific for the most deteriorated samples. For both bacteria and fungi, the differences in community composition were associated with differences in EC, moisture, pH, and the concentrations of NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42−. The microbial communities in soil with different degree of deterioration were distinctly different, and deterioration was accompanied with bigger changes in the bacterial than in the fungal community. In addition, the deteriorated soil contained higher concentrations of soluble salts. Potentially, the accumulation of Bacteroides and Candida plays an important role in the deterioration of earthen features. Further work is needed to conclude whether controlling the growth of the bacteria and fungi with high relative abundances in the deteriorated samples can be applied to alleviate deterioration.

中文翻译：

---

金沙土工地土壤微生物群落的变化与土工地退化有关。

土遗址是不可移动的文物，是具有历史，艺术和科学价值的文化遗产的重要组成部分。土质特征的恶化导致文化信息的永久丢失，对历史和文化的研究造成了不可估量的损害。多数关于土位退化的研究都集中在理化因素上，关于土位微生物群落及其与土位退化关系的信息很少。我们使用高通量测序来分析金沙土工地不同程度退化的土墙土壤中的细菌和真菌群落，以表征微生物群落及其与环境因素的相关性，并比较微生物群落结构和与不同退化程度相关的单个分类单元的相对丰度，以识别可能的标记分类单元。变形菌和菌丝菌的相对丰度较高，放线菌的相对丰度较低，退化程度较高。在属水平上，除最恶化的样品中拟杆菌的含量最高外，所有样品组中红杆菌的相对丰度最高。在严重恶化的样品组中，酵母念珠菌属的相对丰度最高。细菌门脉杆菌属和拟杆菌属，以及包括假丝酵母菌在内的真菌类酵母菌。对最恶化的样品具有特异性。对于细菌和真菌，群落组成的差异与EC，水分，pH以及NH4 +，K +，Mg2 +，Ca2 +和SO42-的浓度有关。退化程度不同的土壤中的微生物群落明显不同，并且与真菌群落相比，退化伴随着更大的细菌变化。另外，恶化的土壤含有较高浓度的可溶性盐。潜在的是，拟杆菌和念珠菌的积累在土质恶化中起重要作用。需要做进一步的工作来得出结论：是否可以采用控制相对较高的相对丰富度的细菌和真菌生长来减轻劣化的方法。退化程度不同的土壤中的微生物群落明显不同，并且与真菌群落相比，退化伴随着更大的细菌变化。另外，恶化的土壤含有较高浓度的可溶性盐。潜在的是，拟杆菌和念珠菌的积累在土质恶化中起重要作用。需要做进一步的工作来得出结论：是否可以采用控制相对较高的相对丰富度的细菌和真菌生长来减轻劣化的方法。退化程度不同的土壤中的微生物群落明显不同，并且与真菌群落相比，退化伴随着更大的细菌变化。另外，恶化的土壤含有较高浓度的可溶性盐。潜在的是，拟杆菌和念珠菌的积累在土质恶化中起重要作用。需要做进一步的工作来得出结论：是否可以采用控制相对较高的相对丰富度的细菌和真菌生长来减轻劣化的方法。恶化的土壤含有较高浓度的可溶性盐。潜在的是，拟杆菌和念珠菌的积累在土质恶化中起重要作用。需要做进一步的工作来得出结论：是否可以采用控制相对较高的相对丰富度的细菌和真菌生长来减轻劣化的方法。恶化的土壤含有较高浓度的可溶性盐。潜在的细菌和假丝酵母的积累在土质恶化中起重要作用。需要做进一步的工作来得出结论：是否可以采用控制相对较高的相对丰富度的细菌和真菌生长来减轻劣化的方法。