This study investigated patterns of cortical organization in adolescents who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) during early childhood to determine ways in which early head injury may alter typical brain development. Increased gyrification in other patient populations is associated with polymicrogyria and aberrant development, but this has not been investigated in TBI. Seventeen adolescents (mean age = 14.1 ± 2.4) who sustained a TBI between 1–8 years of age, and 17 demographically-matched typically developing children (TDC) underwent a high-resolution, T1-weighted 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6–15 years post-injury. Cortical white matter volume and organization was measured using FreeSurfer's Local Gyrification Index (LGI). Despite a lack of significant difference in white matter volume, participants with TBI demonstrated significantly increased LGI in several cortical regions that are among those latest to mature in normal development, including left parietal association areas, bilateral dorsolateral and medial frontal areas, and the right posterior temporal gyrus, relative to the TDC group. Additionally, there was no evidence of increased surface area in the regions that demonstrated increased LGI. Higher Vineland-II Socialization scores were associated with decreased LGI in right frontal and temporal regions. The present results suggest an altered pattern of expected development in cortical gyrification in the TBI group, with changes in late-developing frontal and parietal association areas. Such changes in brain structure may underlie cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with pediatric TBI. Alternatively, increased gyrification following TBI may represent a compensatory mechanism that allows for typical development of cortical surface area, despite reduced brain volume.

中文翻译：

---

在儿童早期遭受创伤性脑损伤的青少年皮质组织和社会化的发育改变。

这项研究调查了在儿童早期遭受创伤性脑损伤 (TBI) 的青少年的皮质组织模式，以确定早期头部损伤可能改变典型大脑发育的方式。其他患者人群的回旋增加与多小脑回和异常发育有关，但尚未在 TBI 中进行研究。17 名患有 TBI 的青少年（平均年龄 = 14.1 ± 2.4）和 17 名人口统计学匹配的典型发育儿童 (TDC) 接受了高分辨率的 T1 加权 3-特斯拉磁共振成像 (MRI ) 受伤后 6-15 年。使用 FreeSurfer 的局部 Gyrification 指数 (LGI) 测量皮质白质体积和组织。尽管白质体积没有显着差异，与 TDC 组相比，TBI 参与者的几个皮质区域的 LGI 显着增加，这些区域是正常发育中最晚成熟的区域，包括左顶叶联合区域、双侧背外侧和内侧额叶区域以及右侧颞后回。此外，没有证据表明 LGI 增加的区域的表面积增加。较高的 Vineland-II 社会化分数与右额叶和颞叶区域的 LGI 降低有关。目前的结果表明，TBI 组皮质旋转的预期发展模式发生了改变，晚期发育的额叶和顶叶联合区域发生了变化。大脑结构的这种变化可能是与儿科 TBI 相关的认知和行为缺陷的基础。或者，