ABSTRACT

The beginning of commercial fishing in and around the North Sea is dated to ca. AD 1000, but it only reached the north-eastern Baltic with the Danish and Swedish colonists at the beginning of the 13th century. Their arrival changed the market and also the demand for seafood amongst locals. In this article, the foodways of fish resources, namely the production and consumption of fish, are examined for the medieval period, i.e. the 13th–16th century, in Estonia and Finland. The archaeological material excavated from medieval towns (Turku, Tallinn and Pärnu) and monastic sites (Rauma, Naantali and Padise) is compared in order to ascertain similarities and/or differences in fish processing, consumption and trade. In addition, a 14th-century shipwreck find from Kadriorg, Tallinn, provides unique evidence of fish trade in situ. The processing and consumption of fish are studied through the anatomical distribution of head vs. trunk bones in the zooarchaeological record, which reflects the final product. Thus, preparing and curing fish for trade affects the proportion of skeletal elements present in the final fish product, and thus in the zooarchaeological record. We detected different categories of foodways in our study material: local consumption, products of fresh and preserved fish, fish trade, and local and imported fish.

摘要

北海及其周边地区商业捕鱼的开始可以追溯到大约。公元 1000 年，但它仅在 13 世纪初随丹麦和瑞典殖民者到达波罗的海东北部。他们的到来改变了市场，也改变了当地人对海鲜的需求。本文考察了中世纪时期，即 13 世纪至 16 世纪在爱沙尼亚和芬兰的鱼类资源的食道，即鱼类的生产和消费。对从中世纪城镇（图尔库、塔林和派尔努）和修道院遗址（劳马、南塔利和帕迪斯）出土的考古材料进行比较，以确定鱼类加工、消费和贸易的异同。此外，在塔林卡德里奥 (Kadriorg) 发现的 14 世纪沉船残骸提供了原位鱼类贸易的独特证据。通过动物考古记录中头部与躯干骨骼的解剖分布来研究鱼类的加工和消费，这反映了最终产品。因此，为贸易准备和腌制鱼类会影响最终鱼类产品中骨骼元素的比例，从而影响动物考古记录。我们在研究材料中发现了不同类别的食道：本地消费、新鲜和腌制鱼类产品、鱼类贸易以及本地和进口鱼类。