Porous three‐dimensional (3D) silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds were widely applied for bone regeneration and showed excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Recently graphene was developed for bone scaffolds due to its osteogenic properties. Thus, we combine the SF and graphene to improve the osteogenic properties of SF scaffolds. In our study, we explored the incorporation of SF scaffolds with graphene to develop osteogenic scaffolds capable of accelerating bone formation. The 3D SF scaffolds were fabricated with different contents of graphene (0, 0.5, and 2%). Fluorescence images showed that the graphene nanosheets were homogeneously dispersed in the SF scaffolds. The addition of graphene affected the microarchitecture of the scaffolds. The G/SF scaffolds were cocultured with rat bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) for 21 days. The cell morphology and cell proliferation study suggested that 0 and 0.5% G/SF scaffolds displayed good cell proliferation. In addition, immunofluorescent staining (e.g., osteonectin, osteopontin, and osteocalcin) and ALP activities indicated that the osteogenic properties was more actively exhibited on 0.5% G/SF scaffolds compared with the other groups. Our results indicated that SF scaffolds incorporated with graphene could be an appropriate scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

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与石墨烯结合的三维丝素蛋白支架用于骨再生

多孔三维（3D）丝素蛋白（SF）支架被广泛应用于骨再生，并显示出优异的生物相容性和生物降解性。由于其成骨特性，最近石墨烯被开发用于骨支架。因此，我们结合SF和石墨烯来改善SF支架的成骨特性。在我们的研究中，我们探索了 SF 支架与石墨烯的结合，以开发能够加速骨形成的成骨支架。3D SF 支架是用不同含量的石墨烯（0、0.5 和 2%）制造的。荧光图像显示石墨烯纳米片均匀分散在 SF 支架中。石墨烯的添加影响了支架的微结构。G/SF 支架与大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞 (rBMSCs) 共培养 21 天。细胞形态和细胞增殖研究表明，0 和 0.5% G/SF 支架显示出良好的细胞增殖。此外，免疫荧光染色（例如，骨连接蛋白、骨桥蛋白和骨钙素）和 ALP 活性表明，与其他组相比，0.5% G/SF 支架的成骨特性更活跃。我们的结果表明，掺入石墨烯的 SF 支架可能是骨组织工程的合适支架。