Abstract Modern fruit production has successfully increased yields and fruit quality to meet market demands mainly through intensification and the use of Plant Protection Products (PPPs). Due to the associated environmental impacts and consumers increasingly demanding food produced more sustainably, the tree fruit sector is seeking to reduce its reliance on PPPs. Despite intensification, apple production is still highly dependent on ecosystem services, including pest regulation and pollination. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of natural enemies and pollinators in commercial apple orchards to the provision of a wildflower habitat. It was hypothesised that the abundance and diversity of beneficial invertebrate species would be enhanced leading to an increased control of apple pests and enhanced pollination of apple blossom. We also investigated the effect of orchard pesticide toxicity on natural enemies and pest regulation services and how responses varied between apple cultivars (Jazz and Braeburn). The study was carried out in five orchards of each apple variety across Kent (UK), using a split-plot experimental design. At each site, a one-hectare orchard plot was established with wildflower strips in alleyways between rows of trees and compared with a one-hectare control plot where alleyways were managed conventionally with regular cutting. Responses of natural enemies and pollinators were recorded over a period of three and four years, respectively. The presence of wildflower strips did not contribute significantly towards the delivery of natural pest regulation or pollination services. However, hoverfly diversity and species richness were greater in orchards with wildflower strips, and whilst this was not associated with increased rates of pest regulation, such a response could potentially provide more resilient pest regulation and pollination services. Braeburn orchards had higher bee abundance, and pest predation rates, which were associated with a greater abundance of earwigs, compared to Jazz orchards. Of key significance for growers is that high values of cumulative pesticide toxicity negatively affected natural enemy populations, especially earwigs. If growers want to support natural enemies and wild pollinators in modern apple orchards following the principles of ecological intensification, they need to consider both the types and frequency of pesticide sprays used, in conjunction with interventions aimed at promoting beneficial invertebrates.

中文翻译：

---

野花干预在商业苹果园中增强天敌和传粉媒介的潜力受到其他管理实践的限制

摘要 现代水果生产主要通过集约化和使用植物保护产品 (PPPs) 成功地提高了产量和水果质量以满足市场需求。由于相关的环境影响和消费者日益要求以更可持续方式生产的食品，果树行业正在寻求减少对 PPP 的依赖。尽管集约化，苹果生产仍然高度依赖生态系统服务，包括害虫调控和授粉。本研究的目的是调查商业苹果园中的天敌和传粉媒介对提供野花栖息地的反应。据推测，有益无脊椎动物物种的丰度和多样性将得到增强，从而增加对苹果害虫的控制并增强苹果花的授粉。我们还调查了果园杀虫剂毒性对天敌和害虫调控服务的影响，以及苹果品种（Jazz 和 Braeburn）之间的反应如何变化。该研究使用裂区实验设计在肯特（英国）的每个苹果品种的五个果园中进行。在每个地点，都建立了一个一公顷的果园地块，在树木行间的小巷中种植野花带，并与一公顷对照样地进行比较，后者对小巷进行常规管理并定期修剪。天敌和传粉媒介的反应分别记录了三年和四年的时间。野花带的存在对提供自然害虫调控或授粉服务没有显着贡献。然而，在有野花带的果园中，食蚜蝇的多样性和物种丰富度更高，虽然这与虫害调控率的增加无关，但这种反应可能会提供更具弹性的虫害调控和授粉服务。与 Jazz 果园相比，Braeburn 果园的蜜蜂丰度和害虫捕食率更高，这与更多的耳螟有关。对于种植者来说，重要的意义在于累积农药毒性的高值对天敌种群产生了负面影响，尤其是对螟。如果种植者想要按照生态集约化的原则在现代苹果园中支持天敌和野生传粉媒介，他们需要考虑使用的农药喷洒的类型和频率，