The introduction of non-native species with various ecological and functional traits to European forests may be a potential tool for mitigating climate risks. We analyzed the growth sensitivity to climate of seven alien ( Acer rubrum , Betula maximowicziana , Castanea sativa , Cryptomeria japonica , Metasequoia glyptostroboides , Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla ) and two native ( Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies ) tree species on a productive forest site in western Germany in order to assess their potential suitability in light of climate change. Retrospective basal area increment at breast height (BAI) and total stem volume increment (VI) were statistically related to a total of 11 multiscale climatic variables showing minor discrepancies between BAI and VI in climatic sensitivity. Across the tree species, the strongest climate signals were found for the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (spei), vapor pressure deficit (vpd) and the number of frost days (nfr) representing water availability, heat and coldness, respectively. Growth of most species was positively affected by mild winters and growing season spei. Importance of the investigated variables differed among tree species with, e.g., C. sativa and T. plicata being mainly driven by winter vpd and A. rubrum , C. japonica and P. abies by water availability in the growing seasons. We conclude that particularly more anisohydric species (e.g., C. sativa ) may profit from their low sensitivity to drier conditions. Highly sensitive and isohydric species (e.g., A. rubrum) will undergo significant growth reductions when climate becomes more variable.

中文翻译：

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控制中生林地外来树种茎生长的气候因素：多物种方法

将具有各种生态和功能特征的非本地物种引入欧洲森林可能是减轻气候风险的潜在工具。我们分析了七种外来树种（红枫、桦木、栗树、柳杉、水杉、斜纹柏和紫杉）和两种本地树种（山毛榉和云杉）在多产林中的生长敏感性。德国西部，以评估它们在气候变化下的潜在适用性。回顾性胸高基础面积增量 (BAI) 和总茎体积增量 (VI) 与总共 11 个多尺度气候变量在统计上相关，显示 BAI 和 VI 之间在气候敏感性方面的微小差异。跨越树种，标准化降水蒸散指数 (spei)、水汽压差 (vpd) 和霜冻天数 (nfr) 分别代表可用水量、热度和冷度，发现了最强的气候信号。大多数物种的生长受到温和的冬季和生长季节的积极影响。调查变量的重要性因树种而异，例如 C. sativa 和 T. plicata 主要受冬季 vpd 和 A. rubrum、C. japonica 和 P. abies 的驱动，主要受生长季节的水供应影响。我们得出结论，特别是更多的无水物种（例如，C. sativa）可能受益于它们对干燥条件的低敏感性。当气候变得更加多变时，高度敏感和等水的物种（例如，红色A. rubrum）将经历显着的生长减少。