There is mounting evidence that individuals with kidney disease and kidney stones have an abnormal gut microbiota composition. No studies to date have summarised the evidence to categorise how the gut microbiota profile of these individuals may differ from controls. Synthesis of this evidence is essential to inform future clinical trials. This systematic review aims to characterise differences of the gut microbial community in adults with kidney disease and kidney stones, as well as to describe the functional capacity of the gut microbiota and reporting of diet as a confounder in these studies. Included studies were those that investigated the gut microbial community in adults with kidney disease or kidney stones and compared this to the profile of controls. Six scientific databases (CINHAL, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library), as well as selected grey literature sources, were searched. Quality assessment was undertaken independently by three authors. The system of evidence level criteria was employed to quantitatively evaluate the alteration of microbiota by strictly considering the number, methodological quality and consistency of the findings. Additional findings relating to altered functions of the gut microbiota, dietary intakes and dietary methodologies used were qualitatively summarised. Twenty-five articles met the eligibility criteria and included data from a total of 892 adults with kidney disease or kidney stones and 1400 controls. Compared to controls, adults with kidney disease had increased abundances of several microbes including Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus and decreased abundances of Prevotellaceae, Prevotella, Prevotella 9 and Roseburia among other taxa. Adults with kidney stones also had an altered microbial composition with variations to Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Ruminiclostridium 5 group, Dorea, Enterobacter, Christensenellaceae and its genus Christensenellaceae R7 group. Differences in the functional potential of the microbial community between controls and adults with kidney disease or kidney stones were also identified. Only three of the 25 articles presented dietary data, and of these studies, only two used a valid dietary assessment method. The gut microbiota profile of adults with kidney disease and kidney stones differs from controls. Future study designs should include adequate reporting of important confounders such as dietary intake to assist with interpretation of findings.

中文翻译：

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成人肾脏疾病和肾结石的肠道微生物群特征：文献的系统回顾。

越来越多的证据表明，患有肾病和肾结石的人具有异常良好的微生物群组成。迄今为止，还没有任何研究总结证据来对这些个体的肠道微生物群特征与对照组的不同之处进行分类。综合这些证据对于为未来的临床试验提供信息至关重要。本系统评价旨在表征患有肾脏疾病和肾结石的成人肠道微生物群落的差异，并描述肠道微生物群的功能能力和饮食报告作为这些研究中的混杂因素。纳入的研究是调查患有肾脏疾病或肾结石的成年人的肠道微生物群落，并将其与对照组的情况进行比较的研究。六个科学数据库（CINHAL、Medline、PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science 和 Cochrane 图书馆）以及选定的灰色文献来源进行了搜索。质量评估由三位作者独立进行。采用证据水平标准系统，通过严格考虑研究结果的数量、方法学质量和一致性，对微生物群的变化进行定量评估。定性总结了与肠道微生物群功能改变、饮食摄入量和饮食方法相关的其他发现。符合资格标准的 25 篇文章包括来自总共 892 名患有肾病或肾结石的成人和 1400 名对照者的数据。与对照组相比，患有肾脏疾病的成年人的几种微生物的丰度有所增加，包括肠杆菌科、链球菌科、链球菌和普氏菌属、普氏菌属、普氏菌属 9 和 Roseburia 等其他分类群的丰度减少。患有肾结石的成年人的微生物组成也发生了变化，其中包括拟杆菌属、毛螺菌科 NK4A136 组、瘤胃梭菌 5 组、Dorea、肠杆菌、克里斯滕菌科及其属克里斯滕森菌科 R7 组。还确定了对照组和患有肾脏疾病或肾结石的成年人之间微生物群落功能潜力的差异。25 篇文章中只有三篇提供了饮食数据，在这些研究中，只有两篇使用了有效的饮食评估方法。患有肾病和肾结石的成年人的肠道微生物群特征与对照组不同。