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Human milk fungi: environmental determinants and inter-kingdom associations with milk bacteria in the CHILD Cohort Study.
BMC Microbiology ( IF 4.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-05 , DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01829-0
Shirin Moossavi 1, 2, 3 , Kelsey Fehr 2 , Hooman Derakhshani 4 , Hind Sbihi 5 , Bianca Robertson 6 , Lars Bode 6 , Jeffrey Brook 7 , Stuart E Turvey 5 , Theo J Moraes 8 , Allan B Becker 2, 9 , Piushkumar J Mandhane 10 , Malcolm R Sears 4 , Ehsan Khafipour 2, 11 , Padmaja Subbarao 8, 12 , Meghan B Azad 2, 9
Affiliation  

Fungi constitute an important yet frequently neglected component of the human microbiota with a possible role in health and disease. Fungi and bacteria colonise the infant gastrointestinal tract in parallel, yet most infant microbiome studies have ignored fungi. Milk is a source of diverse and viable bacteria, but few studies have assessed the diversity of fungi in human milk. Here we profiled mycobiota in milk from 271 mothers in the CHILD birth cohort and detected fungi in 58 (21.4%). Samples containing detectable fungi were dominated by Candida, Alternaria, and Rhodotorula, and had lower concentrations of two human milk oligosaccharides (disialyllacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-hexaose). The presence of milk fungi was associated with multiple outdoor environmental features (city, population density, and season), maternal atopy, and early-life antibiotic exposure. In addition, despite a strong positive correlation between bacterial and fungal richness, there was a co-exclusion pattern between the most abundant fungus (Candida) and most of the core bacterial genera. We profiled human milk mycobiota in a well-characterised cohort of mother-infant dyads and provide evidence of possible host-environment interactions in fungal inoculation. Further research is required to establish the role of breastfeeding in delivering fungi to the developing infant, and to assess the health impact of the milk microbiota in its entirety, including both bacterial and fungal components.

中文翻译:

人乳真菌:CHILD队列研究中的环境决定因素和与乳细菌的王国间关联。

真菌是人类微生物群中重要但经常被忽视的组成部分,可能在健康和疾病中发挥作用。真菌和细菌平行地定居于婴儿胃肠道,但是大多数婴儿微生物组研究都忽略了真菌。牛奶是多种多样且可行的细菌的来源,但是很少有研究评估人乳中真菌的多样性。在这里,我们对CHILD出生队列中271名母亲的牛奶中的真菌菌群进行了分析,并在58名(21.4%)中检测到了真菌。含有可检出真菌的样品主要由念珠菌,链格孢属和杜鹃花组成,并且具有较低浓度的两种人乳寡糖(二唾液酸内酯-N-四糖和乳糖-N-己糖)。牛奶真菌的存在与多种室外环境特征(城市,人口密度和季节),母体特应性,和早期的抗生素接触。此外,尽管细菌和真菌的丰富度之间存在很强的正相关性,但最丰富的真菌(Candida)和大多数核心细菌属之间却存在共排斥模式。我们在一个特征明确的母婴二联体队列中分析了人乳真菌菌群,并提供了真菌接种中可能的宿主与环境相互作用的证据。需要进一步的研究来确定母乳喂养在向发育中的婴儿传递真菌中的作用,并评估整个乳菌群(包括细菌和真菌成分)对健康的影响。在最丰富的真菌(Candida)和大多数核心细菌属之间存在共排斥模式。我们在一个特征明确的母婴二联体队列中分析了人乳真菌菌群,并提供了真菌接种中可能的宿主与环境相互作用的证据。需要进一步的研究来确定母乳喂养在向发育中的婴儿传递真菌中的作用,并评估整个乳菌群(包括细菌和真菌成分)对健康的影响。在最丰富的真菌(Candida)和大多数核心细菌属之间存在共排斥模式。我们在一个特征明确的母婴二联体队列中分析了人乳真菌菌群,并提供了真菌接种中可能的宿主与环境相互作用的证据。需要进一步的研究来确定母乳喂养在向发育中的婴儿传递真菌中的作用,并评估整个乳菌群(包括细菌和真菌成分)对健康的影响。
更新日期:2020-06-05
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