Introduction

Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. An estimated 21 million illnesses in the United States and upwards of 684 million illnesses worldwide are attributed to norovirus infection. There are no licensed vaccines to prevent norovirus, but several candidates are in development.

Areas covered

We review recent advances in molecular epidemiology of noroviruses, immunology, and in-vitro cultivation of noroviruses using human intestinal enteroids. We also provide an update on the status of norovirus vaccine candidates.

Expert opinion

Molecular epidemiological studies confirm the tremendous genetic diversity of noroviruses, the continuous emergence of new recombinant strains, and the predominance of GII.4 viruses worldwide. Duration of immunity, extent of cross protection between different genotypes, and differences in strain distribution for young children compared with adults remain key knowledge gaps. Recent discoveries regarding which epitopes are targeted by neutralizing antibodies using the novel in vitro culture of human noroviruses in human intestinal enteroids are enhancing our understanding of mechanisms of protection and providing guidance for vaccine development. A future norovirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of illnesses due to this ubiquitous virus.

中文翻译：

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人类诺如病毒研究的最新进展及其对候选疫苗的影响。

介绍

诺如病毒是全世界急性胃肠炎的主要原因。在美国，估计有2100万疾病是由诺如病毒感染引起的，全世界范围内有6.84亿以上的疾病。没有预防诺如病毒的许可疫苗，但是有几种候选药物正在开发中。

覆盖区域

我们回顾了诺如病毒的分子流行病学，免疫学和诺如病毒的体外培养使用人类肠道小肠类动物的最新进展。我们还提供了诺如病毒疫苗候选者状态的最新信息。

专家意见

分子流行病学研究证实了诺如病毒的巨大遗传多样性，新的重组菌株的不断出现以及全球范围内GII.4病毒的流行。免疫持续时间，不同基因型之间的交叉保护程度以及与成人相比，幼儿的菌株分布差异仍然是关键的知识差距。使用人类诺诺病毒在人肠小肠中的新型体外培养物中和抗体靶向哪些表位的最新发现，正在加深我们对保护机制的了解并为疫苗开发提供指导。未来的诺如病毒疫苗可能会大大减轻由于这种无处不在的病毒引起的疾病负担。