Introduction

Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. An estimated 21 million illnesses in the United States and upwards of 684 million illnesses worldwide are attributed to norovirus infection. There are no licensed vaccines to prevent norovirus, but several candidates are in development.

Areas covered

We review recent advances in molecular epidemiology of noroviruses, immunology, and in-vitro cultivation of noroviruses using human intestinal enteroids. We also provide an update on the status of norovirus vaccine candidates.

Expert opinion

Molecular epidemiological studies confirm the tremendous genetic diversity of noroviruses, the continuous emergence of new recombinant strains, and the predominance of GII.4 viruses worldwide. Duration of immunity, extent of cross protection between different genotypes, and differences in strain distribution for young children compared with adults remain key knowledge gaps. Recent discoveries regarding which epitopes are targeted by neutralizing antibodies using the novel in vitro culture of human noroviruses in human intestinal enteroids are enhancing our understanding of mechanisms of protection and providing guidance for vaccine development. A future norovirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of illnesses due to this ubiquitous virus.

中文翻译：

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人类诺如病毒研究的最新进展及其对候选疫苗的影响。

 介绍

诺如病毒是全世界急性胃肠炎的主要原因。据估计，美国有 2100 万例疾病、全球有超过 6.84 亿例疾病是由诺如病毒感染引起的。目前还没有获得许可的疫苗可以预防诺如病毒，但几种候选疫苗正在开发中。

 涵盖领域

我们回顾了诺如病毒分子流行病学、免疫学和使用人肠肠类病毒体外培养诺如病毒的最新进展。我们还提供诺如病毒候选疫苗状态的最新信息。

 专家意见

分子流行病学研究证实了诺如病毒巨大的遗传多样性、新重组毒株的不断出现以及GII.4病毒在全球的主导地位。免疫持续时间、不同基因型之间的交叉保护程度以及幼儿与成人相比的菌株分布差异仍然是关键的知识差距。最近使用人类诺如病毒在人肠肠内的新型体外培养物来确定中和抗体针对哪些表位的发现，增强了我们对保护机制的理解，并为疫苗开发提供了指导。未来的诺如病毒疫苗有可能大幅减轻这种普遍存在的病毒造成的疾病负担。