Introduction

Bacterial ghosts are intact bacterial cell envelopes that are emptied of their content by gentle biological or chemical poring methods. Ghost techniques increase the safety of the killed vaccines, while maintaining their antigenicity due to mild preparation procedures. Moreover, ghost-platforms may express and/or carry several antigens or plasmid-DNA encoding for protein epitopes.

Areas covered

In this review, the development in ghost-vaccine production over the last 30 years is classified and discussed. The different applications of ghost-vaccines, how they trigger the immune system, their advantages and limitations are displayed. The phage-mediated lysis, molecular manipulation of the lysis-genes, and the biotechnological production of ghosts are described. The trials are classified according to the pattern of lysis and to the type of bacteria. Further subdivision includes chronological ordered application of the ghost as alternative-killed vaccine, recombinant antigen platform, plasmid DNA carrier, adjuvants, and dendritic cell inducer. Particular trials for specific pathogens or from distinct research schools are gathered.

Expert opinion

Ghosts are highly qualified to act as immune-presenting platforms that express and/or carry several recombinant and DNA vaccines, as well as, being efficient alternative-killed vaccines. The coming years will show more molecular advances to develop ghost-production and to express more antigens.

中文翻译：

---

幽灵疫苗试验的发展。

介绍

细菌幽灵是完整的细菌细胞包膜，可通过温和的生物学或化学方法将其内容物清空。幽灵技术提高了死疫苗的安全性，同时由于温和的制备程序而保持了其抗原性。此外，鬼平台可以表达和/或携带几种抗原或编码蛋白质表位的质粒-DNA。

覆盖区域

在这篇综述中，分类和讨论了过去30年中鬼疫苗生产的发展。展示了鬼疫苗的不同应用，它们如何触发免疫系统，其优势和局限性。描述了噬菌体介导的裂解，裂解基因的分子操纵以及鬼的生物技术生产。根据裂解模式和细菌类型对试验进行分类。进一步细分包括按时间顺序有序应用幽灵作为替代杀伤疫苗，重组抗原平台，质粒DNA载体，佐剂和树突状细胞诱导剂。收集了针对特定病原体或来自不同研究学校的特定试验。

专家意见

幽灵具有很高的资格，可以充当表达和/或携带多种重组和DNA疫苗以及有效替代杀伤性疫苗的免疫递呈平台。未来几年将显示出更多的分子进展，以发展鬼影产生并表达更多的抗原。