Abstract In the present work, the elemental composition of airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) collected from urban and residential areas of Jordan was determined and the associated pollution sources were identified. The sampling was performed in sites located in Zarqa and Amman during the winter and spring seasons of 2014/2015. The quantitative elemental analysis of nineteen (19) elements was carried out using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer utilizing the polarization geometry and the three secondary targets (CaF2, Ge and Mo). Remarkable enhancement in terms of analytical range, low Z-elements quantification (including Al, Na and Cl), and limits of detection were achieved. The total concentration of the PM2.5 samples in winter is higher than its concentration during spring due to the lower dispersion of atmospheric aerosols. Despite the lower concentration of PM2.5 collected from the urban location, Zarqa, high concentrations of the elements Ca, V, Cu, Zn and Pb were recognized which could be an indication to the industrial and anthropogenic activities at Zarqa. The average concentration of Ca in the urban area is approximately twice the concentration in the residential site which indicates the heavy cement industries at Zarqa city. A similar concentration of S was found in both locations which indicates the same anthropogenic sources such as consuming fuels and electrical power plants. The average percentages of the total detected elements at Amman and Zarqa are equal to 48% and 86% from the total mass concentration, respectively, which confirm the heavy anthropogenic activities at Zarqa. Based on the calculations of Pearson's correlation coefficients and the principle component analysis, source apportionments of the detected elements in the two locations were evaluated.

中文翻译：

---

利用多二级目标能量色散X射线荧光从约旦城市和居民区收集的大气气溶胶的元素组成和来源分配

摘要 在目前的工作中，确定了从约旦城市和居民区收集的空气动力学直径≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) 空气中颗粒物的元素组成，并确定了相关的污染源。采样是在 2014/2015 年冬季和春季在位于扎尔卡和安曼的地点进行的。使用能量色散 X 射线荧光 (EDXRF) 光谱仪利用偏振几何和三个次要目标（CaF2、Ge 和 Mo）对十九 (19) 个元素进行定量元素分析。在分析范围、低 Z 元素定量（包括 Al、Na 和 Cl）和检测限方面实现了显着增强。PM2.5 的总浓度。由于大气气溶胶的分散性较低，冬季有 5 个样品的浓度高于春季。尽管从城市位置 Zarqa 收集的 PM2.5 浓度较低，但人们认识到元素 Ca、V、Cu、Zn 和 Pb 的浓度较高，这可能表明 Zarqa 的工业和人为活动。市区钙的平均浓度大约是住宅区浓度的两倍，这表明扎尔卡市的重水泥工业。在两个地点都发现了类似的 S 浓度，这表明消耗燃料和发电厂等人为来源相同。Amman 和 Zarqa 的总检测元素的平均百分比分别等于总质量浓度的 48% 和 86%，这证实了扎尔卡的大量人为活动。基于皮尔逊相关系数的计算和主成分分析，对两个位置的检测元素的源分配进行了评估。