Traditional forms of agroforestry are often recognized as exemplar systems that successfully integrate food production, biodiversity conservation and high cultural values. However many traditional agroforestry systems in Europe are in decline or are threatened and the perspectives of local stakeholders on the production, management, socio-economic, and environmental dimensions of such systems are not fully understood. To fill this gap, we present results of participatory research performed with ten stakeholder groups (SG) across Europe to search for solutions to improve the economic and ecological sustainability of High Nature and Cultural Value agroforestry systems (HNCV agroforestry). Stakeholders included both users and beneficiaries of the HNCV agroforestry. First, SGs held open discussions (227 participants) to identify major challenges for the long-term sustainability of HNCV agroforestry. Challenges were classified into production, management, socio-economic and the environment categories. Second, they responded to structured questionnaires (120 respondents) that explored the positive and negative perceptions of 45 possible attributes of HNCV agroforestry. Third, innovative solutions were identified by individual and group discussions to address the four categories of challenge. Challenges were mostly identified for the management and socio-economic categories, but several challenges concerning production and environment were also pinpointed. Besides, solutions matched poorly with the challenges identified, and, while challenges were at some extent common across countries, solutions to address them were more case-specific. The successful implementation of these solutions requires an in-depth understanding of the diversity of socio-cultural and natural contexts of the HNCV agroforestry systems and building bottom-up proposals and collective actions based on this understanding. The sustainability of HNCV agroforestry would be benefited by providing farmers and managers with a financial advantage from the high nature and cultural value of these systems.

中文翻译：

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改善具有高度自然和文化价值的欧洲农林业系统可持续性的挑战和创新：利益相关者的观点

传统的农林业形式通常被认为是成功整合粮食生产，生物多样性保护和高文化价值的典范系统。然而，欧洲许多传统的农林业系统正在衰落或受到威胁，并且当地利益相关者对此类系统的生产，管理，社会经济和环境方面的看法尚未得到充分理解。为了填补这一空白，我们介绍了与欧洲十个利益相关者团体（SG）进行的参与性研究的结果，以寻求解决方案来改善高自然和文化价值农林业系统（HNCV农林业）的经济和生态可持续性。利益相关者包括HNCV农林业的使用者和受益者。第一，研究组举行了公开讨论（227名参与者），以确定HNCV农林业的长期可持续性面临的主要挑战。挑战分为生产，管理，社会经济和环境类别。其次，他们回答了结构化的问卷（120名受访者），探讨了HNCV农林业45种可能属性的正面和负面看法。第三，通过个人和小组讨论确定了创新的解决方案，以应对四类挑战。挑战主要是针对管理和社会经济类别，但也指出了一些与生产和环境有关的挑战。此外，解决方案与所查明的挑战相差甚远，而且尽管在一定程度上各国之间都存在挑战，解决这些问题的解决方案更具针对性。这些解决方案的成功实施需要对HNCV农林业系统的社会文化和自然环境的多样性有深入的了解，并在此基础上建立自下而上的建议和集体行动。HNCV农林业的可持续性将受益于这些系统的高性和文化价值，从而为农民和管理者提供财务优势。