Certain features of both extant and fossil anthropoid primates have been interpreted as adaptations to ripe fruit foraging and feeding particularly spatulate incisors and trichromatic color vision. Here, we approach the question of anthropoid fruit foraging adaptations in light of the sensory and mechanical properties of anthropoid-consumed fruits in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We quantify the color, odor, size, and puncture resistance of fruits in Kibale that are consumed by anthropoid primates ( N = 44) and compare these with the same traits of fruits that are not consumed by anthropoid primates ( N = 24). Contrary to extant hypotheses, color and odor of anthropoid-consumed fruits do not differ from non-anthropoid–consumed fruits. However, we find that anthropoids in this system consume fruits that are significantly larger than non-anthropoid–consumed fruits, and with the exception of elephants that consume very large fruits, are the only dispersers of fruits with a surface area <4032 mm 2 , and a maximum diameter of 52 mm. While our findings do not support most extant hypotheses for the evolution of derived anthropoid primate traits as adaptations to ripe fruit foraging, we find some evidence to support the hypothesis that spatulate incisors may be an adaptation to foraging on large fruits, which tend to be harder.

中文翻译：

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类人猿灵长类的果实选择性：大小很重要

现存和化石类人猿灵长类动物的某些特征被解释为适应成熟的水果觅食和进食，特别是铲形门牙和三色色觉。在这里，我们根据乌干达基巴莱国家公园类人猿食用水果的感官和机械特性来解决类人猿水果觅食适应性问题。我们量化了类人猿灵长类动物 (N = 44) 食用的 Kibale 水果的颜色、气味、大小和抗穿刺性，并将其与类人猿灵长类动物 (N = 24) 未食用的水果的相同特征进行比较。与现有假设相反，类人猿食用的水果的颜色和气味与非类人猿食用的水果没有区别。然而，我们发现该系统中的类人猿食用的水果明显大于非类人猿食用的水果，除了大象食用非常大的水果外，它们是表面积<4032 mm 2 的水果的唯一分散者，并且最大直径为 52 毫米。虽然我们的研究结果不支持衍生类人猿灵长类动物特征进化为适应成熟果实觅食的大多数现存假设，但我们发现一些证据支持这样的假设，即铲状门牙可能是对大果实觅食的适应，而大果实往往更难觅食.