This paper deals with the earliest meteorological observations in Florence after the Medici Network (1654–1670), i.e., from mid-seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century, and puts them in the context of the history of meteorology in Florence. After the gap caused by the Inquisition, observations started again in the eighteenth century, made by Cipriano Antonino Targioni (1728–1748), Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti (1737–1740), Pietro Gaetano Grifoni (1751–1766), Leonardo Ximenes (1752), and Luca Martini (1756–1772). The first two records were lost, and this paper considers those by Grifoni and Ximenes. The latter is affected by severe bias; the former is of good quality and has been recovered and analyzed. Both the observers made only one reading a day and the metadata are scarce. The paper discusses several issues: the conversion from the apparent solar time to the Central Europe Time; the transformation from a single reading to a daily average; the identification of the thermometric liquid and the scale; the test made with the snow benchmark; the comparison with the contemporary series in Bologna. The comparison of the reconstructed series with other periods, i.e., 1654–1670, 1881–1910, 1961–1990, and 1991–2017, reveals that in mid-eighteenth century the temperature reached the lowest levels, especially in summer, and showed a sudden warming in the most recent decades.

中文翻译：

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美第奇网络（1654-1670）结束后意大利佛罗伦萨的温度观测：Grifoni 记录（1751-1766）

本文讨论了梅迪奇网络（1654-1670）之后佛罗伦萨最早的气象观测，即从 17 世纪中叶到 18 世纪中叶，并将它们置于佛罗伦萨气象学历史的背景下。在宗教裁判所造成的差距之后，18 世纪再次开始观察，由 Cipriano Antonino Targioni (1728–1748)、Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti (1737–1740)、Pietro Gaetano Grifoni (1751–1766)、Leonardo Ximenes (1752) ) 和卢卡·马蒂尼 (1756–1772)。前两个记录丢失了，本文考虑了 Grifoni 和 Ximenes 的记录。后者受到严重偏见的影响；前者质量好，已回收分析。两个观察者每天只阅读一次，元数据很少。论文讨论了几个问题：从视太阳时到中欧时间的转换；从单一读数到每日平均读数的转变；测温液体和刻度的识别；用雪基准进行的测试；与博洛尼亚当代系列的比较。重建序列与其他时期，即 1654-1670、1881-1910、1961-1990 和 1991-2017 的比较表明，在 18 世纪中叶，温度达到最低水平，特别是在夏季，并显示出最近几十年突然变暖。