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Robust banded protoxylem pattern formation through microtubule-based directional ROP diffusion restriction.
Journal of Theoretical Biology ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-04 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110351
Bas Jacobs 1 , Jaap Molenaar 1 , Eva E Deinum 1
Affiliation  

In plant vascular tissue development, different cell wall patterns are formed, offering different mechanical properties optimised for different growth stages. Critical in these patterning processes are Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, a class of evolutionarily conserved small GTPase proteins responsible for local membrane domain formation in many organisms. While te spotted metaxylem pattern can easily be understood as a result of a Turing-style reaction-diffusion mechanism, it remains an open question how the consistent orientation of evenly spaced bands and spirals as found in protoxylem is achieved. We hypothesise that this orientation results from an interaction between ROPs and an array of transversely oriented cortical microtubules that acts as a directional diffusion barrier. Here, we explore this hypothesis using partial differential equation models with anisotropic ROP diffusion and show that a horizontal microtubule array acting as a vertical diffusion barrier to active ROP can yield a horizontally banded ROP pattern. We then study the underlying mechanism in more detail, finding that it can only orient curved pattern features but not straight lines. This implies that, once formed, banded and spiral patterns cannot be reoriented by this mechanism. Finally, we observe that ROPs and microtubules together only form ultimately static patterns if the interaction is implemented with sufficient biological realism.



中文翻译:

通过基于微管的定向ROP扩散限制形成稳固的带状Protoxylem模式。

在植物血管组织发育中,形成了不同的细胞壁图案,提供了针对不同生长阶段优化的不同机械性能。这些图案化过程中的关键是植物Rho(ROP)蛋白,这是一类进化保守的小GTPase蛋白,负责在许多生物中形成局部膜结构域。虽然通过图灵式反应扩散机制可以很容易地理解斑点状的木质部结构,但仍然存在一个悬而未决的问题,即如何实现在丙交酯中发现的均匀间隔的条带和螺旋的一致取向。我们假设这种取向是由于ROP和一系列横向定向的皮质微管之间的相互作用而引起的,该微管充当定向扩散屏障。这里,我们使用具有各向异性ROP扩散的偏微分方程模型探索了这一假设,并显示了水平微管阵列作为有源ROP的垂直扩散壁垒可以产生水平带状ROP模式。然后,我们更详细地研究了潜在的机制,发现它只能定向弯曲的图案特征,而不能定向直线。这意味着一旦形成,带状和螺旋状图案就无法通过该机制重新定向。最后,我们观察到,如果相互作用具有足够的生物学现实性,则ROP和微管只会一起最终形成静态模式。然后,我们更详细地研究了潜在的机制,发现它只能定向弯曲的图案特征,而不能定向直线。这意味着一旦形成,带状和螺旋状图案就无法通过该机制重新定向。最后,我们观察到,如果相互作用具有足够的生物学现实性,则ROP和微管只会一起最终形成静态模式。然后,我们更详细地研究了潜在的机制,发现它只能定向弯曲的图案特征,而不能定向直线。这意味着一旦形成,带状和螺旋形图案就无法通过该机制重新定向。最后,我们观察到,如果相互作用具有足够的生物学现实性,则ROP和微管只会一起最终形成静态模式。

更新日期:2020-06-29
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