Abstract Creeping fire spread under opposed airflow is a classic fundamental fire research problem involving heat transfer, fluid dynamics, chemical kinetics, and is strongly dependent on environmental factors. Persistent research over the last 50 years has established a solid framework for different fire-spread processes, but new fire phenomena and recent developments continue to challenge our current understanding and inspire future research areas. In this review, we revisit the problem of opposed fire spread under limited and excessive oxygen supply. Various near-limit fire phenomena, as recently observed in flaming, smoldering, and glowing spread under various environment and fuel configurations, are reviewed in detail. Particularly, aspects of apparent importance, such as transition phenomena and heterogenous chemistry, in near-limit fire spread are highlighted, and valuable problems for future research are suggested.

中文翻译：

---

对接近极限的火势蔓延的回顾

摘要 逆流下火势蔓延是一个经典的基础火灾研究问题，涉及传热、流体动力学、化学动力学，并且强烈依赖于环境因素。过去 50 年的持续研究为不同的火灾蔓延过程建立了坚实的框架，但新的火灾现象和最近的发展继续挑战我们目前的理解并激发未来的研究领域。在本次审查中，我们重新审视了在有限和过度供氧下火势蔓延的问题。详细回顾了最近在各种环境和燃料配置下在燃烧、阴燃和发光蔓延中观察到的各种接近极限的火灾现象。特别是，明显重要的方面，例如过渡现象和异质化学，