Philornis flies Meinert (Diptera: Muscidae) have been documented parasitizing over 250 bird species, some of which are endemic species threatened with extinction. Philornis parasitism is hypothesized to affect nestlings disproportionately more than adult birds because limited mobility and exposed skin of nestlings increase their vulnerability to parasitism. We used a comprehensive literature review and our recent fieldwork in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Grenada to challenge the idea that parasitism by subcutaneous Philornis species is a phenomenon primarily found in nestlings, a fact that has not been quantified to date. Of the 265 reviewed publications, 125 (49%) reported incidences of parasitism by subcutaneous Philornis, but only 12 included the sampling of adult breeding birds. Nine of these publications (75%) reported Philornis parasitism in adults of ten bird species. During fieldwork in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Grenada, we documented 14 instances of parasitism of adult birds of seven avian species. From literature review and fieldwork, adults of at least fifteen bird species across 12 families and four orders of birds were parasitized by at least five Philornis species. In both the published literature and fieldwork, incidences of parasitism of adult birds occurred predominantly in females and was frequently associated with incubation. Although our findings indicate that Philornis parasitism of adult birds is more common than widely presumed, parasite prevalence is still greater in nestlings. In the future, we recommend surveys of adult birds to better understand host-Philornis relationships across life stages. This information may be essential for the development of effective control measures of Philornis to ensure the long-term protection of bird species of conservation concern.

据记载，费洛尼斯飞蝇Meinert（双翅目：蝇科）寄生超过250种鸟类，其中有些是濒临灭绝的特有物种。据推测，费城氏寄生虫对成年幼鸟的影响比成年鸟更大，这是因为行动不便和雏鸟裸露的皮肤增加了它们对寄生虫的脆弱性。我们使用了全面的文献综述以及我们最近在多米尼加共和国，波多黎各和格林纳达进行的田野调查，挑战了皮下Philornis物种引起的寄生虫现象主要在雏鸟中发现的现象，这一事实迄今为止尚未量化。在265篇发表评论的出版物中，有125篇（49％）报道了皮下Philornis发生寄生虫的情况，但只有12个样本包括成年种禽的采样。这些出版物中有9个（75％）报告了10种鸟类成虫的Philornis寄生虫。在多米尼加共和国，波多黎各和格林纳达的实地考察中，我们记录了14种7种禽类成年鸟类的寄生虫实例。通过文献回顾和实地考察，至少有五个Philornis物种寄生了12个科目和四个顺序的鸟类中至少15种鸟类的成虫。在已发表的文献和田野调查中，成年鸟类寄生虫的发生率主要发生在雌性中，并经常与孵化有关。尽管我们的发现表明Philornis成年鸟类的寄生虫病比普遍认为的更为普遍，在雏鸟中寄生虫的流行率仍然更高。将来，我们建议对成年鸟类进行调查，以更好地了解整个生命阶段寄主与Philornis的关系。这些信息对于制定Philornis的有效控制措施以确保对保护鸟类的长期保护至关重要。