The simultaneous quantification of several transcripts via multiplex PCR can accelerate research in fish physiological responses to diet and enable the development of superior aquafeeds for farmed fish. We designed two multiplex PCR panels that included assays for 40 biomarker genes representing key aspects of fish physiology (growth, metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation) and 3 normalizer genes. We used both panels to assess the physiological effects of replacing fish meal and fish oil by terrestrial alternatives on Atlantic salmon smolts. In a 14-week trial, we tested three diets based on marine ingredients (MAR), animal by-products and vegetable oil (ABP), and plant protein and vegetable oil (VEG). Dietary treatments affected the expression of genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism (e.g., srebp1, elovl2), cell redox status (e.g., txna, prdx1b), and inflammation (e.g., pgds, 5loxa). At the multivariate level, gene expression profiles were more divergent between fish fed the marine and terrestrial diets (MAR vs. ABP/VEG) than between the two terrestrial diets (ABP vs. VEG). Liver ARA was inversely related to glucose metabolism (gck)- and growth (igfbp-5b1, htra1b)-related biomarkers and hepatosomatic index. Liver DHA and EPA levels correlated negatively with elovl2, whereas ARA levels correlated positively with fadsd5. Lower hepatic EPA/ARA in ABP-fed fish correlated with the increased expression of biomarkers related to mitochondrial function (fabp3a), oxidative stress (txna, prdx1b), and inflammation (pgds, 5loxa). The analysis of hepatic biomarker gene expression via multiplex PCR revealed potential physiological impacts and nutrient-gene interactions in Atlantic salmon fed lower levels of marine-sourced nutrients.

中文翻译：

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使用多重 PCR 平台推断大西洋鲑鱼 (Salmo salar) 肝脏中饮食诱导的生理反应。

通过多重 PCR 同时定量几个转录本可以加速鱼类对饮食的生理反应的研究，并能够为养殖鱼类开发优质的水产饲料。我们设计了两个多重 PCR 面板，其中包括对代表鱼类生理学（生长、代谢、氧化应激和炎症）关键方面的 40 个生物标志物基因和 3 个标准化基因的检测。我们使用这两个小组来评估用陆地替代品替代鱼粉和鱼油对大西洋鲑鱼的生理影响。在为期 14 周的试验中，我们测试了三种基于海洋成分 (MAR)、动物副产品和植物油 (ABP) 以及植物蛋白和植物油 (VEG) 的饮食。饮食治疗影响参与肝脏葡萄糖和脂质代谢的基因的表达（例如，srebp1、elovl2）、细胞氧化还原状态（例如txna、prdx1b）和炎症（例如pgds、5loxa）。在多变量水平上，与两种陆地饮食（ABP 与 VEG）相比，喂食海洋和陆地饮食（MAR 与 ABP/VEG）的鱼之间的基因表达谱差异更大。肝脏 ARA 与葡萄糖代谢 ( gck ) 和生长 ( igfbp-5b1、htra1b ) 相关的生物标志物和肝体指数呈负相关。肝脏 DHA 和 EPA 水平与elovl2呈负相关，而 ARA 水平与fadsd5呈正相关. ABP 喂养的鱼肝脏中较低的 EPA/ARA 水平与线粒体功能 ( fabp3a )、氧化应激 ( txna、prdx1b ) 和炎症 ( pgds , 5loxa )相关生物标志物的表达增加有关。通过多重 PCR 对肝脏生物标志物基因表达的分析揭示了大西洋鲑鱼的潜在生理影响和营养基因相互作用，其中大西洋鲑鱼喂养了较低水平的海洋来源的营养物质。