The primordial CMB $B$-mode search is on the spotlight of the scientific community due to the large amount of cosmological information that is encoded in the primeval signal. However, the detection of this signal is challenging from the data analysis point of view, due to the relative low amplitude compared to the foregrounds, the lensing contamination coming from the leakage of $E$-modes, and the instrumental noise. Here, we studied the viability of the detection of the primordial polarization $B$-mode with a ground-based telescope operating in the microwave low-frequency regime (i.e., from 10GHz-120GHz) in a handful of different scenarios: i. the instrument's channels distribution and noise, ii. the tensor-to-scalar ratio ($r$) detectability considering different possible $r$ values and degrees of delensing, iii. the effect of including a possible source of polarized anomalous microwave emission (AME), iv. the strengths and weaknesses of different observational strategies and, v. the atmospheric and systematic noise impact on the recovery. We focused mainly on the removal of galactic foregrounds as well as noise contamination by applying a full-parametric pixel-based maximum likelihood component separation technique. Moreover, we developed a numerical methodology to estimate the residuals power spectrum left after component separation, which allow us to mitigate possible biases introduced in the primordial $B$-mode power spectrum reconstruction. Among many other results, we found that this sort of experiment is capable of detecting Starobinsky's $r$ even when no delensing is performed or, a possible polarized AME contribution is taken into account. Besides, we showed that this experiment is a powerful complement to other on-ground or satellite missions, such as LiteBIRD, since it can help significantly with the low-frequency foregrounds characterization.

中文翻译：

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低频从地面检测CMB B模式

由于原始信号中编码的大量宇宙学信息，原始 CMB $B$ 模式搜索成为科学界的焦点。然而，从数据分析的角度来看，该信号的检测具有挑战性，因为与前景相比振幅相对较低、来自$E$-模式泄漏的透镜污染以及仪器噪声。在这里，我们研究了在少数不同情况下使用在微波低频范围（即从 10GHz-120GHz）中运行的地面望远镜检测原始极化 $B$ 模式的可行性：仪器的通道分布和噪声，ii．考虑不同可能的 $r$ 值和去透镜程度的张量与标量比 ($r$) 的可检测性，iii. 包括可能的极化异常微波发射源 (AME) 的影响，iv。不同观测策略的优缺点，以及大气和系统噪声对恢复的影响。我们主要通过应用基于全参数像素的最大似然分量分离技术来去除银河前景以及噪声污染。此外，我们开发了一种数值方法来估计分量分离后留下的残差功率谱，这使我们能够减轻在原始 $B$ 模式功率谱重建中引入的可能偏差。在许多其他结果中，我们发现这种实验能够检测 Starobinsky 的 $r$，即使没有执行去透镜，或者考虑了可能的极化 AME 贡献。