We compute an extensive set of early-time spectra of supernovae interacting with circumstellar material using the radiative transfer code CMFGEN. Our models are applicable to events observed from 1 to a few days after explosion. Using these models, we constrain the progenitor and explosion properties of a sample of 17 observed interacting supernovae at early-times. Because massive stars have strong mass loss, these spectra provide valuable information about supernova progenitors, such as mass-loss rates, wind velocities, and surface abundances. We show that these events span a wide range of explosion and progenitor properties, exhibiting supernova luminosities in the 1e8 to 1e12 Lsun range, temperatures from 10000 to 60000 K, progenitor mass-loss rates from a few 1e-4 up to 1 Msun/yr, wind velocities from 100 to 800 km/s, and surface abundances from solar-like to H-depleted. Our results suggest that many progenitors of supernovae interacting with circumstellar material have significantly increased mass-loss before explosion compared to what massive stars show during the rest of their lifetimes. We also infer a lack of correlation between surface abundances and mass-loss rates. This may point to the pre-explosion mass-loss mechanism being independent of stellar mass. We find that the majority of these events have CNO-processed surface abundances. In the single star scenario this points to a preference towards high-mass RSGs as progenitors of interacting SNe, while binary evolution could impact this conclusion. Our models are publicly available and readily applicable to analyze results from ongoing and future large scale surveys such as the Zwicky Transient Factory.

中文翻译：

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早期相互作用超新星的祖先

我们使用辐射传输代码 CMFGEN 计算了一组广泛的超新星与星周物质相互作用的早期光谱。我们的模型适用于在爆炸后 1 到几天内观察到的事件。使用这些模型，我们限制了早期观察到的 17 个相互作用超新星样本的祖先和爆炸特性。由于大质量恒星的质量损失很大，这些光谱提供了有关超新星前身的宝贵信息，例如质量损失率、风速和表面丰度。我们表明，这些事件涵盖了广泛的爆炸和前身星特性，表现出 1e8 到 1e12 Lsun 范围内的超新星光度、10000 到 60000 K 的温度、几个 1e-4 到 1 Msun/yr 的前身星质量损失率，风速从 100 到 800 公里/秒，表面丰度从类太阳到贫氢。我们的研究结果表明，与大质量恒星在其余生中所显示的相比，许多与星周物质相互作用的超新星前身在爆炸前的质量损失显着增加。我们还推断表面丰度和质量损失率之间缺乏相关性。这可能表明爆炸前的质量损失机制与恒星质量无关。我们发现这些事件中的大多数都具有经过 CNO 处理的表面丰度。在单星情景中，这表明倾向于将大质量 RSG 作为相互作用的超新星的祖先，而双星演化可能会影响这一结论。我们的模型是公开可用的，并且很容易适用于分析正在进行和未来的大规模调查（例如 Zwicky Transient Factory）的结果。