In UK forestry, the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides alpha-cypermethrin and cypermethrin have been used for many years to provide protection for young trees planted on restock sites from damage by the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. However, concerns over the toxicity of these insecticides to aquatic life if misused have led to a search for alternative forms of protection. This paper describes a detailed programme of efficacy experiments undertaken between 2009 and 2015 to find replacements for these products. Over 50 combinations of chemical and non-chemical approaches were tested on 16 different sites. Of the alternative synthetic insecticides tested, applications of 0.037 g a.i. stem⁻¹ acetamiprid provided high levels of protection from Hylobius browsing damage on young Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) trees, without causing any phytotoxic symptoms, and gave comparable levels of protection to those achievable using alpha-cypermethrin or cypermethrin. Acetamiprid is less toxic to aquatic life than alpha-cypermethrin or cypermethrin and has not been linked to bee decline. Applications of 0.0129 g a.i. stem⁻¹ chlorantraniliprole also showed promise, and this relatively low toxicity non-neonicotinoid insecticide merits further study. Although imidacloprid and thiacloprid also provided good levels of protection, their use in forests is not now permitted due to concerns over their potential impacts on bees and drinking water, respectively. Whilst the natural product insecticide spinosad, and the entomopathogenic fungal control agent Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin, gave only limited protection in our work, they may have some future potential if methods of deployment can be improved. Other chemical and non-chemical approaches tested, but found to be largely ineffective in UK conditions, included the natural product insecticides azadirachtin, maltodextrin and pyrethrins, the synthetic insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and spirotetramat and a wide range of repellents, flexible stem coatings and physical barrier products. However, we conclude that physical barrier sleeves such as MultiPro® and BioSleeve® may have a limited role as a partial substitute for the use of insecticides in the UK in some circumstances, but only if on-site populations of Hylobius are predicted to be low.

中文翻译：

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除了使用传统的杀虫剂来保护幼树免受大型松树象鼻虫Hylobius abietis L.在英国林业中造成的损害之外，是否存在其他可行的化学和非化学替代品？

在英国的林业中，合成的拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂α-氯氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯已被用于保护多年生松树象鼻虫（Hylobius abietis L）破坏在补给场上种植的幼树。但是，这些杀虫剂的毒性令人担忧如果滥用会导致水生生物的死亡，导致人们寻求其他形式的保护。本文介绍了2009年至2015年进行的功效实验的详细计划，以寻找这些产品的替代品。在16个不同的地点测试了50多种化学和非化学方法的组合。在测试的替代合成杀虫剂中，使用0.037 g ai茎^-1扑热息痛可提供对Hylobius的高度防护可以在不引起任何植物毒性症状的情况下浏览Sitka云杉幼树（Picea sitchensis（Bong。）Carrière）上的损害，并提供与使用α-氯氰菊酯或氯氰菊酯可获得的保护水平相当的保护水平。乙酰胺对水生生物的毒性不如α-氯氰菊酯或氯氰菊酯，也未与蜜蜂的衰落有关。0.0129 g AI干^-1的应用氯虫腈也显示出希望，这种相对低毒的非新烟碱类杀虫剂值得进一步研究。尽管吡虫啉和噻虫啉也提供了良好的保护水平，但由于担心它们分别对蜜蜂和饮用水的潜在影响，现在禁止在森林中使用吡虫啉和噻虫啉。天然杀虫剂多杀菌素和昆虫致病性真菌防治剂Metarhizium anisopliae（Metschn。）Sorokin ，在我们的工作中仅提供了有限的保护，如果可以改进部署方法，它们可能会具有一定的未来潜力。测试了其他化学和非化学方法，但在英国条件下基本上无效，包括天然杀虫剂印za素，麦芽糊精和除虫菊酯，合成杀虫剂lambda-cyhalothrin和spirotetramat以及各种驱虫剂，柔软的茎杆涂层和物理剂屏障产品。但是，我们得出的结论是，在某些情况下，例如在英国，实地阻隔套在某些情况下只能作为一部分替代杀虫剂的有限替代品，在英国，使用除草剂的作用有限，但前提是现场的Hylobius种群数量很少。