Tropical cyclones are major disturbances for coastal systems. Hurricane Harvey made landfall in Texas, USA, on August 25, 2017 as a category 4 storm. There were two distinct disturbances associated with this storm that were spatially decoupled: (1) high winds causing direct damage and storm surge, and (2) high rains causing scouring floods and significant discharge of fresh water carrying carbon and nutrients to estuaries. Here, we provide a synthesis of the effects of Hurricane Harvey on biogeochemical, hydrographic, and biotic components of freshwater and estuarine systems and their comparative resistance and resilience to wind- and rain-driven disturbances. Wind-driven disturbances were most severe along the coastal barrier islands and lower estuaries, damaging mangroves and seagrass and increasing sediment coarseness. Rain-driven disturbances were most pronounced within freshwater streams and the upper estuaries. Large volumes of freshwater run-off reduced the abundance of riverine fauna and caused hypoxic and hyposaline conditions in the estuaries for over a week. In response to this freshwater input event, benthic fauna diversity and abundance decreased, but mobile fauna such as estuarine fishes did not markedly change. Although hydrographic and biogeochemical components were highly perturbed, they returned to baseline conditions within days. In contrast, biotic components demonstrated lower magnitude changes, but some of these organisms, particularly the sedentary flora and fauna, required weeks to months to return to pre-storm conditions, and some did not recover within the 6 months reported here. Our synthesis illustrates that resistance and resilience of system components may negatively co-vary and that structural components of coastal systems may be the most vulnerable to long-term changes following tropical cyclones.

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沿海生态系统对飓风影响的系统级分析

热带气旋是沿海系统的主要干扰。哈维飓风于2017年8月25日登陆美国得克萨斯州，属于第4类风暴。与该风暴相关的两种明显扰动在空间上是分离的：（1）大风造成直接破坏和风暴潮，（2）大雨造成冲刷洪水，并且大量携带碳和养分的淡水排入河口。在这里，我们提供了飓风哈维对淡水和河口系统的生物地球化学，水文和生物成分的影响及其对风和雨水干扰的相对抵抗力和复原力的综合综述。在沿海的屏障岛和低河口，风力驱动的干扰最为严重，破坏了红树林和海草并增加了沉积物的粗度。降雨引起的扰动在淡水溪流和河口上方最为明显。大量的淡水径流减少了河流动物的数量，并导致河口缺氧和次盐碱状况持续了一个多星期。响应于这种淡水输入事件，底栖动物的多样性和丰度下降了，但是诸如河口鱼类等流动性动物没有明显变化。尽管水文和生物地球化学成分受到高度干扰，但它们在几天之内恢复了基线状态。相比之下，生物成分的幅度变化较小，但其中一些生物，特别是久坐的动植物，需要数周至数月才能恢复到暴风雨前的状态，而其中一些在报告的6个月内没有恢复。