Established around 575 BC, Emporion was a Greek colonial enclave in north-east Iberia and hence constitutes a good context to study Mediterranean innovations and their adaptation with indigenous technologies. Here, we present an analytical study of the archaeometallurgical assemblage from a workshop context dated to the first occupational moment of Emporion’s Neapolis (second half of the sixth century BC), including slag and technical ceramics. We aimed at reverse engineering the copper and tin bronze metallurgical technologies at the site. The results allow the identification of copper smelting and melting, and a variety of bronze alloying techniques, together with iron smelting and forging. The use of Fe-rich copper ores with BaO, ZnO and PbO impurities is consistent with the exploitation of local sources, preceding the diversification of raw materials documented for later phases. The co-occurrence of co-smelting, cementation and co-melting as bronze making technologies is discussed with reference to parameters of efficiency and cost-effectiveness and contextualised in the broader colonial interaction, providing pointers for future comparative work and discussion. The early use of metallic tin for bronze production at the site supports a Mediterranean origin for this innovation in Iberia.

中文翻译：

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传统与创新：铁器时代帝国（西班牙埃斯卡拉）中铜和锡青铜制作方法的多功能性

Emporion成立于公元前575年左右，是希腊在伊比利亚东北部的殖民地，因此成为研究地中海创新及其对本土技术的适应的良好背景。在这里，我们将对从车间环境到Emporion的Neapolis（公元前六世纪下半叶）的第一职业时刻（包括炉渣和工业陶瓷）的车间冶金学进行分析研究。我们的目标是对该站点的铜和锡青铜冶金技术进行逆向工程。结果可以识别铜的熔炼和熔化，各种青铜合金化技术以及铁的熔炼和锻造。将富含铁的铜矿石与BaO，ZnO和PbO杂质一起使用与当地资源的开采是一致的，先记录下来的原材料多样化，以供以后阶段使用。结合效率和成本效益的参数，讨论了共熔，胶结和共熔作为青铜制造技术的同时存在，并在更广泛的殖民地互动中予以具体化，为今后的比较工作和讨论提供了指导。该地点早期将金属锡用于青铜生产，为伊比利亚的这一创新提供了地中海起源。