The immunogenicity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) from genetically similar (syngeneic) and dissimilar (allogeneic and xenogeneic) species has puzzled the scientific community for many years. After implantation, the literature describes an absorption of ECM material since it is biodegradable. However, no clear insight really exists to substantiate how the underlying immune and biological responses result in absorption of ECM materials. In this context, it is important to characterize infiltrating cells and identify dominant cell populations in the infiltrate. We have studied the immune response in mice after implantation of decellularized (DC) cardiac scaffolds derived from pig and mouse. The polymorphism of the infiltrate into the implanted material signifies the importance of the adaptive immune response that is distinct for xenoimplants and alloimplants. Matrix resorption takes place mainly through phagocytic cells such as mast cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Histochemical observations show that innate CD8⁺ T cells develop immune tolerance, whereas proteomic analysis predicts the different T cell progenies for alloscaffolds and xenoscaffolds. The amalgamation of graft tolerance and involvement of both B and T cell populations in the vicinity of the graft could be decisive in wound remodeling and survival of the graft. This challenging area presents potential targets for the development of immune-privileged biomaterials, immune tolerant cells, and therapeutic agents in the future.

中文翻译：

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基因不同的去细胞化心脏组织的免疫细胞的差异激活。

多年来，来自基因相似（同基因）和不同（同种异体和异种）物种的细胞外基质 (ECM) 的免疫原性一直困扰着科学界。植入后，文献描述了 ECM 材料的吸收，因为它是可生物降解的。然而，确实没有明确的见解来证实潜在的免疫和生物反应如何导致 ECM 材料的吸收。在这种情况下，重要的是表征浸润细胞并确定浸润中的主要细胞群。我们研究了植入猪和小鼠的去细胞 (DC) 心脏支架后小鼠的免疫反应。浸润到植入材料中的多态性表明适应性免疫反应的重要性，这对于异种植入物和同种异体植入物是不同的。基质吸收主要通过吞噬细胞如肥大细胞、树突细胞和巨噬细胞发生。组织化学观察表明，先天性 CD8⁺ T 细胞产生免疫耐受，而蛋白质组学分析预测异源支架和异源支架的不同 T 细胞后代。移植物耐受性的融合以及移植物附近 B 和 T 细胞群的参与可能对移植物的伤口重塑和存活起决定性作用。这一具有挑战性的领域为未来开发免疫特权生物材料、免疫耐受细胞和治疗剂提供了潜在的目标。