Capturing affective response to valent stimuli using eye tracking is of interest not only to academic research but also to commercial equipment developers (e.g. car dashboards). In order to investigate whether a low-cost eye tracker can effectively detect participants’ physiological response to negatively valent stimuli, 44 participants aged 19–24 (mean = 24.7, SD = 5.8) were recruited to complete the visual backward masking paradigm in a repeated-measure experimental design. Saccadic duration and pupil sizes were recorded using a lower-end 60-Hz tracker. Data was analysed using a mix of parametric and non-parametric tests. Our results suggest that valence in the form of fearful vs neutral faces has a significant main effect on both saccadic duration [V = 931, P < 0.001, d = 0.96] and pupil size [t(43) = 29.81, P < 0.001, d = 3.91)]. Our findings were further supported by Bayes factor analysis, which showed that saccadic duration data was 24 times more likely to occur, and pupil size measurement data was 89 times more likely, under the alternative hypothesis, showing that differences in valence had a main effect. The combined evidence produced by our Bayesian analysis, the large effect sizes of our frequentist analysis and the significant effect on two separate measurements lead us to suggest that, under the right conditions, low-cost eye trackers can successfully detect changes in saccadic duration and pupil sizes as a result of physiological responses to threat-relevant visual stimuli.

中文翻译：

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低成本的眼动仪能否评估价刺激物的影响？复制视觉向后掩蔽范例的研究

使用眼动追踪捕捉对价刺激的情感反应不仅对学术研究而且对商业设备开发人员（例如汽车仪表板）都非常重要。为了调查低成本的眼动仪是否可以有效检测参与者对负价刺激的生理反应，招募了44位年龄在19-24岁（平均= 24.7，SD = 5.8）的参与者，以反复完成视觉向后掩蔽范例测量实验设计。使用较低端的60 Hz跟踪器记录眼跳持续时间和瞳孔大小。使用参数测试和非参数测试的混合来分析数据。我们的结果表明，恐惧面孔与中性面孔形式的化合价对两个书呆时间都具有重要的主要影响[ V  = 931，P  <0.001，d  = 0.96]和瞳孔大小[ t（43）= 29.81，P  <0.001，d  = 3.91）]。在备选假设下，贝叶斯因子分析进一步支持了我们的发现，贝叶斯因子分析表明，出现眼跳持续时间的可能性高24倍，而瞳孔大小测量数据的可能性高89倍，这表明价数差异具有主要影响。我们的贝叶斯分析产生的综合证据，我们频繁进行的分析的巨大影响力以及对两个单独测量值的显着影响使我们建议，在合适的条件下，低成本的眼动仪可以成功检测出眼跳持续时间和瞳孔的变化对威胁相关视觉刺激的生理反应的大小。