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Inhibition of MEK/ERK upregulates GSH production and increases RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264.7 cells
Free Radical Research ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-31 , DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1742896
Taiwo Samuel Agidigbi 1 , In Soon Kang 1 , Chaekyun Kim 1
Affiliation  

Abstract

Osteoclasts (OCs) are multinucleated cells that are phylogenetically evolved from monocyte–macrophage lineage and are essential for skeletal coupling processes. During bone development, bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by OCs are tightly coupled and are involved in bone homeostasis. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that regulate OC differentiation in order to develop effective therapeutics for the treatment of OC-associated diseases. This study aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms regulating OC differentiation. The mitogen-activated protein kinases and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are recognised to be crucial factors regulating OC differentiation and activation. RAW 264.7 cells were differentiated into OCs in the presence of RANKL and were treated with inhibitors of several signal pathways. Although PD98059 is an ERK inhibitor, it inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, Akt, and Src kinase. PD98059 increased OC differentiation and expression of OC markers, such as TRAP, calcitonin receptor, and cathepsin K, and increased the expression of NFATc1. Moreover, it also increased the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase and production of glutathione (GSH). Thus, we examined the involvement of GSH in OC differentiation and observed that GSH treatment alone increased the OC numbers and cotreatment with PD98059 further enhanced OC differentiation. Our results suggested that inhibition of the ERK pathway may promote OC differentiation via upregulation of GSH. These findings reveal that ERK and GSH modulate the signal pathway necessary for OC differentiation, and this may form the basis of a new therapeutic strategy for treating OC-related diseases.



中文翻译:

抑制 MEK/ERK 上调 GSH 产生并增加 RANKL 诱导的 RAW 264.7 细胞中的破骨细胞分化

摘要

破骨细胞(OCs)是从单核细胞-巨噬细胞谱系进化而来的多核细胞,对骨骼耦合过程至关重要。在骨骼发育过程中,成骨细胞的骨形成和 OC 的骨吸收紧密耦合并参与骨稳态。因此,必须了解调节 OC 分化的机制,以便开发治疗 OC 相关疾病的有效疗法。本研究旨在确定调节 OC 分化的分子机制。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和细胞外信号调节激酶 (ERK) 被认为是调节 OC 分化和激活的关键因素。原始 264。7 细胞在 RANKL 存在下分化为 OC,并用几种信号通路的抑制剂处理。虽然 PD98059 是一种 ERK 抑制剂,但它抑制了 ERK、JNK、Akt 和 Src 激酶的磷酸化。PD98059 增加 OC 分化和 OC 标志物(如 TRAP、降钙素受体和组织蛋白酶 K)的表达,并增加 NFATc1 的表达。此外,它还增加了谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶的表达和谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的产生。因此,我们检查了 GSH 在 OC 分化中的参与,并观察到 ​​GSH 单独处理增加了 OC 数量,与 PD98059 共同处理进一步增强了 OC 分化。我们的结果表明抑制 ERK 通路可能促进 OC 分化 JNK、Akt 和 Src 激酶。PD98059 增加 OC 分化和 OC 标志物(如 TRAP、降钙素受体和组织蛋白酶 K)的表达,并增加 NFATc1 的表达。此外,它还增加了谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶的表达和谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的产生。因此,我们检查了 GSH 在 OC 分化中的参与,并观察到 ​​GSH 单独处理增加了 OC 数量,与 PD98059 共同处理进一步增强了 OC 分化。我们的结果表明抑制 ERK 通路可能促进 OC 分化 JNK、Akt 和 Src 激酶。PD98059 增加 OC 分化和 OC 标志物(如 TRAP、降钙素受体和组织蛋白酶 K)的表达,并增加 NFATc1 的表达。此外,它还增加了谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶的表达和谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的产生。因此,我们检查了 GSH 在 OC 分化中的参与,并观察到 ​​GSH 单独处理增加了 OC 数量,与 PD98059 共同处理进一步增强了 OC 分化。我们的结果表明抑制 ERK 通路可能促进 OC 分化 它还增加了谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶的表达和谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的产生。因此,我们检查了 GSH 在 OC 分化中的参与,并观察到 ​​GSH 单独处理增加了 OC 数量,与 PD98059 共同处理进一步增强了 OC 分化。我们的结果表明抑制 ERK 通路可能促进 OC 分化 它还增加了谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶的表达和谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 的产生。因此,我们检查了 GSH 在 OC 分化中的参与,并观察到 ​​GSH 单独处理增加了 OC 数量,与 PD98059 共同处理进一步增强了 OC 分化。我们的结果表明抑制 ERK 通路可能促进 OC 分化通过上调 GSH。这些发现表明 ERK 和 GSH 调节了 OC 分化所必需的信号通路,这可能构成治疗 OC 相关疾病的新治疗策略的基础。

更新日期:2020-03-31
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