Oil shales are rocks that contain organic matter and are used as a low‐grade fuel for energy production. The oil shale combustion process produces large quantities of ash as combustion wastes. These residues contain a high concentration of calcium anhydrite (CaSO₄) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), which can be utilized to neutralize acidic wastes (e. g., wastes from the phosphate industry) .Using untreated oil shale bottom ash as partial substitutes for aggregates, natural sand, and cement in concrete mixtures has resulted in a significantly decreased performance of the concrete mixtures. However, by blending the oil shale with acidic materials, the concrete properties improved, as manifested by the development of compressive strength and the workability of the concrete mixtures. In the current study, it was shown that treatment of the oil shale ash with the acidic waste of the Israeli phosphate industry or with phosphoric acid significantly improves the properties of the concrete mixtures, by partial replacement of the natural aggregates and sand by the treated oil shale ash.

中文翻译：

---

处理过的油页岩灰可替代混凝土中的天然骨料，沙子和水泥

油页岩是含有机质的岩石，用作能源生产的低级燃料。油页岩燃烧过程产生大量的灰烬作为燃烧废物。这些残留物包含高浓度的无水钙（CaSO ₄）和碳酸钙（CaCO ₃），可用于中和酸性废物（例如磷酸盐行业的废物）。使用未经处理的油页岩底灰作为混凝土混合物中骨料，天然砂和水泥的部分替代品导致混凝土的性能显着下降混合物。然而，通过将油页岩与酸性材料掺混，混凝土性能得以改善，这表现为抗压强度的提高和混凝土混合物的可加工性。在当前的研究中，表明用以色列磷酸盐工业的酸性废料或磷酸处理油页岩灰可以通过用处理过的油部分替代天然集料和沙子来显着改善混凝土混合物的性能。页岩灰。