Abstract Early social experiences can affect the development and expression of individual social behaviour throughout life. In particular, early‐life social deprivations, notably of parental care, can later have deleterious consequences. We can, therefore, expect rearing procedures such as hand‐raising—widely used in ethology and socio‐cognitive science—to alter the development of individual social behaviour. We investigated how the rearing style later affected (a) variation in relationship strength among peers and (b) individuals’ patterns of social interactions, in three captive groups of juvenile non‐breeders consisting of either parent‐raised or hand‐raised birds, or a mix of both rearing styles. In the three groups, irrespectively of rearing style: strongest relationships (i.e., higher rates of association and affiliations) primarily emerged among siblings and familiar partners (i.e., non‐relatives encountered in early life), and mixed‐sex and male–male partners established relationships of similar strength, indicating that the rearing style does not severely affect the quality and structure of relationships in young ravens. However, compared to parent‐raised ravens, hand‐raised ravens showed higher connectedness, i.e., number of partners with whom they mainly associated and affiliated, but formed on average relationships of lower strength, indicating that social experience in early life is not without consequences on the development of ravens’ patterns of social interaction. The deprivation of parental care associated with the presence of same‐age peers during hand‐raising seemed to maximize ravens’ propensity to interact with others, indicating that besides parents, interactions with same‐age peers matter. Opportunities to interact with, and socially learn from peers, might thus be the key to the acquisition of early social competences in ravens.

中文翻译：

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饲养方式对幼乌鸦（Corvus corax）社会行为发展的影响

摘要 早期的社会经历会影响个体终生社会行为的发展和表达。特别是，生命早期的社会剥夺，尤其是父母的照顾，可能会在以后产生有害的后果。因此，我们可以期待像举手这样的饲养程序——广泛用于行为学和社会认知科学——来改变个体社会行为的发展。我们调查了饲养方式后来如何影响 (a) 同龄人之间关系强度的变化和 (b) 个体社会互动模式，在三个圈养的非繁殖幼鸟组中，由父母饲养或手工饲养的鸟类组成，或两种饲养方式的混合。在三组中，无论饲养方式如何：最强的关系（即，较高的关联率和从属关系）主要出现在兄弟姐妹和熟悉的伴侣（即早年遇到的非亲属）中，混合性和男性-男性伴侣建立了强度相似的关系，表明养育方式不会严重影响幼乌鸦关系的质量和结构。然而，与父母养的乌鸦相比，手工养的乌鸦表现出更高的关联性，即它们主要关联和附属的伴侣数量，但形成的平均关系强度较低，表明早年的社会经验并非没有后果关于乌鸦社会交往模式的发展。在举手期间与同龄同龄人在场相关的父母照顾的剥夺似乎最大化了乌鸦与他人互动的倾向，这表明除了父母之外，与同龄同龄人的互动也很重要。因此，与同伴互动和向同伴学习的机会可能是乌鸦获得早期社交能力的关键。