Abstract Formulation of the wind energy input into waves in developing sea is a very important but rather difficult problem in physical oceanography. The complex flow condition within the air-sea boundary layer including wave breaking is known to be the most important factor governing the wind energy input. However, the existing theoretical and empirical models are not always satisfactory or of limited generality in taking this factor into consideration with a sufficient accuracy. In this study, a numerical method based on the conservation law for wave energy is first established to obtain the spectrum of wind energy input under different fetches. To achieve reliable results, a modified JONSWAP spectrum, which is valid not only for waves at a younger age but also for a fully-developed sea, is adopted; an accurate solution technique is employed to evaluate the nonlinear wave-wave interaction; and a significantly improved wave dissipation model, which takes into account both the inherent and the cumulative dissipation, is also suggested. An enhanced empirical formula for wind energy input into waves in developing sea is also proposed in this study. The formula takes into account the recently identified role of wave breaking and air-flow separation, i.e., the wind energy input is significantly increased if wave breaks but it is substantially reduced if air-flow separation occurs on the leeside of wave crests. It is demonstrated that the formula proposed in this study is advantageous. Both of its spectral shape and peak values are in good agreement with the numerical results based on conservation of wave energy, at either a younger or an older wave age.

中文翻译：

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开发海浪中风能输入的增强公式

摘要 在发展海中输入波浪的风能公式是物理海洋学中一个非常重要但又相当困难的问题。已知包括波浪破碎在内的海气边界层内的复杂流动条件是控制风能输入的最重要因素。然而，现有的理论和经验模型在充分准确地考虑这一因素时并不总是令人满意或普遍性有限。本研究首先建立了一种基于波浪能守恒定律的数值方法，以获得不同取力下的风能输入谱。为了获得可靠的结果，采用了改进的 JONSWAP 光谱，该光谱不仅适用于年轻的波浪，而且适用于完全发育的海洋；采用精确求解技术来评估非线性波-波相互作用；并且还建议了一个显着改进的波耗散模型，该模型同时考虑了固有耗散和累积耗散。本研究还提出了发展海中风能输入波浪的增强经验公式。该公式考虑了最近确定的波浪破碎和气流分离的作用，即，如果波浪破碎，风能输入会显着增加，但如果气流分离发生在波峰的背风侧，则风能输入会显着减少。证明本研究中提出的公式是有利的。其谱形和峰值均与基于波浪能量守恒的数值结果吻合良好，