The paper discusses fracture processes occurring under compressive loads. The processes are considered from two points of view: (i) compression fracture mechanisms and their effect on the strength and fracture resistance of the material, and (ii) the effect of geometric constraints on the stress-strain state and fracture conditions of bodies (natural objects) with cracks and crack-like defects. These are particularly the effects associated with crack surface contact, friction, and loading history. Fracture structures are described which form in the conditions of high-rate compression under extreme loads typical of tectonic processes and deep hydrocarbon production. The structures include crack-like compaction regions in highly porous brittle materials (rocks) formed under compression, which present a new form of quasi-brittle mode I fracture (a compression crack). A method is proposed for estimating the effective strength of compressed bodies with one dimension (thickness) being much smaller than the other two and that have through-thickness variable properties and/or composition. As an example, the ice cover strength with respect to longitudinal compression is considered taking into account a partial loss of the ice bearing capacity. The influence of geometric constraints on the fracture mechanisms in fractured thin bodies is discussed. It is shown that the compression fracture of bodies with elongated through holes (or crack-like defects), whose length is much larger than the body thickness, occurs by a mechanism induced by the overlapping of crack surfaces.

中文翻译：

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关于压缩性骨折

该论文讨论了在压缩载荷下发生的断裂过程。从两个角度考虑这些过程：（i）压缩断裂机制及其对材料强度和断裂阻力的影响，以及（ii）几何约束对物体应力应变状态和断裂条件的影响（自然物体）有裂纹和裂纹状缺陷。这些特别是与裂纹表面接触、摩擦和加载历史相关的影响。描述了在构造过程和深部油气生产的典型极端载荷下高速压缩条件下形成的裂缝结构。这些结构包括在压缩下形成的高度多孔脆性材料（岩石）中的裂缝状压实区域，它呈现出一种新形式的准脆性 I 型断裂（压缩裂纹）。提出了一种方法来估计压缩体的有效强度，其中一个维度（厚度）比其他两个维度小得多，并且具有随厚度变化的特性和/或成分。例如，考虑到冰承载能力的部分损失，考虑了相对于纵向压缩的冰盖强度。讨论了几何约束对断裂薄体中断裂机制的影响。结果表明，具有长通孔（或裂纹状缺陷）的体的压缩断裂，其长度远大于体厚度，是由裂纹表面重叠引起的机制发生的。提出了一种方法来估计压缩体的有效强度，其中一个维度（厚度）比其他两个维度小得多，并且具有随厚度变化的特性和/或成分。例如，考虑到冰承载能力的部分损失，考虑了相对于纵向压缩的冰盖强度。讨论了几何约束对断裂薄体中断裂机制的影响。结果表明，具有长通孔（或裂纹状缺陷）的体的压缩断裂，其长度远大于体厚度，是由裂纹表面重叠引起的机制发生的。提出了一种方法来估计压缩体的有效强度，其中一个维度（厚度）比其他两个维度小得多，并且具有随厚度变化的特性和/或成分。例如，考虑到冰承载能力的部分损失，考虑了相对于纵向压缩的冰盖强度。讨论了几何约束对断裂薄体中断裂机制的影响。结果表明，具有长通孔（或裂纹状缺陷）的体的压缩断裂，其长度远大于体厚度，是由裂纹表面重叠引起的机制发生的。