This paper presents results of wildfire studies conducted Transbaikalia over the last five decades. Station-based experimental investigations into fire hazards of vegetation accomplished at the regional forest fire stations during those years covered all altitudinal vegetation zones, representative landscape localities and forest types. Route investigations were made in different natural areas. Arial monitoring of landscape fires was used during two fire seasons. Long-term effects of fires in the Baikal Natural Area and in Central Transbaikalia were investigated. Fire regimes in vegetation complexes were analyzed and for each of them the duration of the fire hazard was determined both as the total duration for the entire season and as a continuous duration for the period of the fire maximum. Characteristics of the regimes for the altitudinal belts are provided in three versions according to precipitation amounts for a season (normal, dry and wet). It is found that forest fires occur in intensive and extreme fire regimes where most of the vegetation complexes of the region become exceptionally hazardous as compared to adjacent areas. In such a situation, there are almost no barriers to fire, except for broad rivers, lakes and mountain crests. The forest fire frequency index is high due to a predominance of light coniferous stands. A rapid spread of fires is also promoted by dry grass stands and fire-hazardous shrubs where the fire is spreading nearly as fast as the speed of wind. It was established that unmown meadows, and abandoned pastures and croplands in the outskirts of villages present the threat of devastating fires not only in forests but also in settlements. In a situation, such as the one that arose in 2015, landscape fires turn to a natural disaster with severe forest-ecological consequences. Surviving forest stands decrease in productivity and increase in self-thinning, followed by an increasing degradation caused by subsequently recurring fires. Burns undergo local deforestation or a long-lasting replacement of coniferous stands by deciduous forests. The future runoff from the burned-over areas is able to enhance pollution of Lake Baikal. It is concluded that the EMERCOM resources used to fight the latest fires in Transbaikalia showed very little promise because of being delayed. A reasonable alternative to EMERCOM would involve advanced forecasting of high risks of fire occurrence in order to rapidly fight fires with moderate expenses without letting them turning to a natural disaster.

中文翻译：

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外贝加尔地区的景观火灾

本文介绍了在过去 50 年间进行的外贝加尔地区野火研究的结果。那些年在区域森林消防站完成的植被火灾危险性站基试验调查覆盖了所有海拔植被带、代表性景观区和森林类型。在不同的自然区域进行了路线调查。在两个火灾季节使用了对景观火灾的 Arial 监测。对贝加尔湖自然区和外贝加尔湖中部火灾的长期影响进行了调查。分析了植被复合体中的火灾状况，并且对于每个植被群，火灾危险的持续时间被确定为整个季节的总持续时间和火灾高峰期的连续持续时间。根据一个季节的降水量（正常、干燥和潮湿），提供了三个版本的海拔带状态特征。研究发现，森林火灾发生在强烈和极端的火灾情况下，与邻近地区相比，该地区的大多数植被群变得异常危险。在这种情况下，除了宽阔的河流、湖泊和山峰外，几乎没有任何防火屏障。由于轻型针叶林占优势，森林火灾频率指数很高。干草丛和有火灾危险的灌木也促进了火势的快速蔓延，其中火势蔓延的速度几乎与风速一样快。已经确定未割草的草地，村庄郊区废弃的牧场和农田不仅在森林中而且在定居点都存在毁灭性火灾的威胁。在某种情况下，例如 2015 年出现的情况，景观火灾会演变为自然灾害，对森林生态造成严重后果。幸存的林分降低了生产力，增加了自我间伐率，随后反复发生的火灾导致退化加剧。烧伤会导致局部森林砍伐或针叶林被落叶林长期取代。未来来自烧毁地区的径流会加剧贝加尔湖的污染。得出的结论是，用于扑灭外贝加尔地区最新火灾的紧急通信司令部资源由于延误而几乎没有希望。