Abstract

The evolution of agricultural technologies in the development of human civilization is considered. Based on this example, it is shown that a new stage in soil cultivation technology began in the 20th century. It is associated with the transition from extensive “gray” technologies for the management of natural resources, which are strictly oriented only by momentary economic feasibility, to nontraditional (“nature-based”) “green” farming technologies. A natural transition has taken place from the strategy of its development based on Ziegler’s principle of maximum entropy production to Prigogine’s strategy of minimum entropy production, which is based on the rationalization of the use of available resources for a dissipative structure on the planet, such as the human population. The foundation for the rationalization is nature-based technology for human use of natural resources. The theoretical justification of the inevitability of “green farming” is confirmed by the example of a long-term biosphere experiment on the development of agricultural technologies. This type of farming is characterized by a more economical method of tillage: partial or complete rejection of soil-turn plowing, the absence of vertical mixing of the arable layer, minimal disturbance of the soil cover by agricultural machines, and mandatory soil mulching (“no-till” or “mulch tillage”) in order to preserve the soil moisture and reduce soil erosion. The no-till soil processing system, i.e., the absence of interference in the natural processes of soil formation, is a modern farming system in which the soil is not processed and its surface is covered with specially crushed plant residues (mulch). It is illustrated that the no-till technology of direct sowing and mulching is currently being introduced in various regions of the planet with shallow, surface loosening or even complete rejecting tillage. It is shown that the application of the green farming technologies leads to rationalization of the use of not only energy and soil resources but also water resources, for which the situation is becoming increasingly tense for human civilization.

中文翻译：

---

农业技术的演变：从“灰色”到“绿色”

摘要

考虑了人类文明发展中农业技术的发展。从这个例子可以看出，土壤耕作技术的新阶段始于20世纪。它与从仅以瞬时经济可行性严格为导向的广泛的“灰色”自然资源管理技术过渡到非传统的（“基于自然”的）“绿色”农业技术有关。从基于齐格勒的最大熵产生原理的发展策略到普里戈吉因的最小熵产生策略已经发生了自然的转变，普里金的最小熵产生策略是基于合理利用地球上耗散结构的可用资源，例如人口。合理化的基础是人类使用自然资源的基于自然的技术。关于农业技术发展的长期生物圈实验的例子证实了“绿色农业”的必然性的理论依据。这种耕作的特点是采用更经济的耕作方式：部分或完全拒绝翻土耕作，耕层没有垂直混合，对农业机械造成的土壤覆盖物干扰最小以及强制性土壤覆盖（“免耕”或“覆盖耕作”），以保持土壤水分并减少土壤侵蚀。免耕土壤处理系统，即在土壤自然形成过程中没有干扰，是一种现代农业系统，其中的土壤未经过处理，其表面覆盖有特别粉碎的植物残渣（覆盖物）。可以看出，目前直接播种和覆盖的免耕技术已被引入到行星的各个区域，这些区域具有浅薄的，表面松动的或什至完全排斥的耕作方式。结果表明，绿色耕作技术的应用不仅使能源和土壤资源的合理利用，而且使水资源的合理使用成为可能，人类文明的局势正日趋紧张。