Abstract

The objective of the survey was to assess evolutionary trends in the mountain-grassland soil processes and the environmental and anthropogenic impacts on soil degradation and land efficiency. Generalization of the previously studied materials in comparison with the data collected in route surveys carried out in the large river basins, including the Samur, Chirakhchai, Sulak, and other rivers, allowed for identifying the main factor affecting the evolutionary trends in the soil processes within the altitudinal zones in mountain regions in Dagestan. This is particularly the factor associated with both the climate and vegetation changes and the human economic activities. In addition, it has been proven that slope exposition and anthropogenic factors effect pedogenesis and soil degradation. Slopes of a southern exposition and the slopes of slightly different expositions from it are generally drier. Snow cover lasts for a long time, which is followed by rapid snowmelt. Therefore, the vegetation of such areas is poor, and, moreover, the occurred denudation processes are much stronger. According to the data collected on the basis of observations for the most recent 50 years, humus concentrations in the soils used in the economic circulation decreased by 0.5–1.2% and even by 1.5–2% in some of them. Annual soil washout comprises 12 million t on average. It involves approximately 50 thousand t of humus. Unregulated livestock grazing causes pothole formation, compaction by pathways, and sparse vegetation. Therefore, a 20–30% reduction in the projective vegetation land cover can induce a five- to sevenfold increase in the volume of eroded material in long-term erosion when compared to a 70–75% vegetation land cover. In addition, the current pedogenic processes are affected by global warming, differences in soil moisture and temperature regimes on slopes of different expositions in the altitudinal zonation system, and high erosion rates caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. Complex erosion-control measures, including amelioration by slitting once every 3–4 years, grazing regulation, and evenly distributed grazing with taking slope expositions into account, are required.

中文翻译：

---

山区草地土壤过程演变趋势评估及土壤保护问题及其合理利用

摘要

该调查的目的是评估山区草地土壤过程的演变趋势以及环境和人为因素对土壤退化和土地效率的影响。将先前研究的材料与在大型河流流域（包括萨穆尔河，Chirakhchai，苏拉克河和其他河流）中进行的路线调查收集的数据进行比较，可以确定影响内部土壤过程演变趋势的主要因素达吉斯坦山区的海拔区域。这尤其是与气候和植被变化以及人类经济活动相关的因素。另外，已经证明坡度暴露和人为因素影响成土作用和土壤退化。南部博览会的坡度和与其略有不同的博览会的坡度通常较干燥。积雪持续很长时间，随后融雪迅速。因此，这些地区的植被很差，此外，发生的剥蚀过程更加强烈。根据最近50年的观察数据，在经济循环中使用的土壤中的腐殖质浓度降低了0.5–1.2％，甚至降低了1.5–2％。每年的土壤冲刷量平均为1200万吨。它涉及约5万吨腐殖质。无节制的放牧会导致坑坑洼洼，通过路径压实和植被稀疏。因此，与70-75％的植被土地覆盖率相比，射影植被的土地覆盖率减少20–30％会导致长期侵蚀中侵蚀材料的体积增加5至7倍。此外，当前的成岩过程还受到全球变暖，海拔分区系统中不同博览会坡度的土壤水分和温度状况的差异以及自然和人为因素造成的高侵蚀率的影响。需要采取复杂的侵蚀控制措施，包括每3-4年进行一次割裂来改善，放牧规则以及考虑到坡度的影响而均匀地分布放牧。海拔分区系统不同坡度土壤水分和温度状况的差异，以及自然和人为因素引起的高侵蚀速率。需要采取复杂的侵蚀控制措施，包括每3-4年进行一次割裂来改善，放牧规则以及考虑到坡度的影响而均匀地分布放牧。海拔分区系统不同坡度土壤水分和温度状况的差异，以及自然和人为因素引起的高侵蚀速率。需要采取复杂的侵蚀控制措施，包括每3-4年进行一次割裂来改善，放牧规则以及考虑到坡度的影响而均匀地分布放牧。