Closed-loop production systems encompass all processes for returning, remanufacturing, recycling, discarding, and repackaging products. These elements form the core of sustainable manufacturing by managing what otherwise would be waste to enable reuse and by controlling its associated pollution. This paper presents the general management model of sustainable remanufacturing within a dynamic closed-loop supply chain. Our specification encompasses agents positioned at key stages in the supply chain, e.g., manufacturers, retailers, and customers, and considers both profitability and environmental performance of their decentralized decisions. We cast the problem to allow for interdependence of agents through a Nash game. These salient features simultaneously render the mathematical model more realistic and computationally challenging. To proceed, our model is formalized by using variational inequalities, which in turn are converted to a fixed point problem that we solve using a computationally tractable algorithm. Decision rules for strategic remanufacturing and recycling are provided to complement the numerical solution in an illustrative example.

中文翻译：

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动态供应链中再制造的可持续管理

闭环生产系统涵盖了退货，再制造，回收，丢弃和重新包装产品的所有过程。这些要素通过管理原本可以实现再利用的废物并控制其相关污染，构成了可持续制造的核心。本文提出了动态闭环供应链中可持续再制造的一般管理模型。我们的规范涵盖了位于供应链关键阶段的代理商，例如制造商，零售商和客户，并考虑了分散决策的盈利能力和环境绩效。我们通过Nash游戏投放问题以允许代理相互依赖。这些显着特征同时使数学模型更加逼真并且在计算上具有挑战性。继续，我们的模型通过使用变分不等式进行形式化，然后将其转换为定点问题，我们可以使用计算可处理的算法来解决。在说明性示例中，提供了用于战略性再制造和再循环的决策规则，以补充数值解决方案。