Abstract

Hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) materials contain organized pores having different scales of diameters. These materials exhibit surprisingly high performance in various applications due to the functional combination of hierarchical pores. This paper reviews the preparation of HPC from waste and biomass, and their potential applications. Biomass with naturally organized hierarchical structure, such as wood, grass and nut shell, have been widely used as raw materials, from which, hierarchical porosity can be formed through simple pyrolysis-activation. Influences of the types and dosages of activating agent, as well as the pyrolysis/activation conditions on the specific surface area, pore volume and hierarchical porous structure of the structured biomass-based HPC are discussed. For non-structured raw materials such as sucrose, pitch and plastics, novel technologies have been developed to prepare HPC; these include hard-/soft-template methods, hydrothermal carbonization, chemical vapor deposition, spray pyrolysis and autogenic pressure carbonization. The approaches to design or control the structures and properties of HPC made from non-structured materials are also reviewed. Moreover, advanced applications of HPC in energy storage, deionization, adsorption and catalysis are summarized.

Graphic Abstract

中文翻译：

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废物和生物质制备多孔碳材料的研究及其应用

摘要

分层多孔碳（HPC）材料包含具有不同直径范围的有组织的孔。由于分层孔的功能组合，这些材料在各种应用中显示出令人惊讶的高性能。本文概述了从废物和生物质中制备HPC及其潜在应用。具有自然组织的分层结构的生物质，例如木材，草和坚果壳，已被广泛用作原材料，可以通过简单的热解活化从中形成分层的孔隙。讨论了活化剂的类型和剂量以及热解/活化条件对结构化生物质基HPC的比表面积，孔体积和分层多孔结构的影响。对于蔗糖，沥青和塑料等非结构化原料，已经开发出用于制备HPC的新技术；这些方法包括硬/软模板方法，水热碳化，化学气相沉积，喷雾热解和自生压力碳化。还回顾了设计或控制由非结构化材料制成的HPC的结构和性能的方法。此外，还总结了HPC在能量存储，去离子，吸附和催化方面的先进应用。

图形摘要