Pigments are an essential part of everyday life on Earth with rapidly growing industrial and biomedical applications. Synthetic pigments account for a major portion of these pigments that in turn have deleterious effects on public health and environment. Such drawbacks of synthetic pigments have shifted the trend to use natural pigments that are considered as the best alternative to synthetic pigments due to their significant properties. Natural pigments from microorganisms are of great interest due to their broader applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industry with increasing demand among the consumers opting for natural pigments. To fulfill the market demand of natural pigments new sources should be explored. Cold-adapted bacteria and fungi in the cryosphere produce a variety of pigments as a protective strategy against ecological stresses such as low temperature, oxidative stresses, and ultraviolet radiation making them a potential source for natural pigment production. This review highlights the protective strategies and pigment production by cold-adapted bacteria and fungi, their industrial and biomedical applications, condition optimization for maximum pigment extraction as well as the challenges facing in the exploitation of cryospheric microorganisms for pigment extraction that hopefully will provide valuable information, direction, and progress in forthcoming studies.

中文翻译：

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适应寒冷的细菌和真菌生产色素：具有广泛应用的冰冻圈多彩故事。


颜料是地球日常生活的重要组成部分，其工业和生物医学应用迅速增长。合成颜料占这些颜料的主要部分，进而对公共健康和环境产生有害影响。合成颜料的这些缺点已经改变了使用天然颜料的趋势，天然颜料由于其显着的特性而被认为是合成颜料的最佳替代品。来自微生物的天然色素因其在制药、食品和纺织工业中的广泛应用而受到极大关注，并且消费者选择天然色素的需求不断增加。为了满足天然色素的市场需求，应探索新的来源。冰冻圈中适应寒冷的细菌和真菌产生多种色素，作为抵御低温、氧化应激和紫外线辐射等生态压力的保护策略，使它们成为天然色素生产的潜在来源。本文重点介绍了适应寒冷的细菌和真菌的保护策略和色素生产、它们的工业和生物医学应用、最大限度色素提取的条件优化以及利用冰冻圈微生物进行色素提取所面临的挑战，希望能够提供有价值的信息未来研究的方向和进展。