Abstract Chaetophractus villosus was once distributed from the south of Bolivia and Paraguay to the northwest of Patagonia, where the species survived in glacial refugia during Pleistocene. After the ice retreated, the species expanded its distribution further south reaching Chubut River. In the last two centuries, the species colonized the rest of Patagonia on both sides of the Andes and was introduced in Tierra del Fuego (TDF) in 1982, where it expanded its distribution range along 484 km2 until 2005. A single mitochondrial Control Region haplotype (HC) was described across Argentine Patagonia based on the low number of samples. This lack of variability was exceptional and impressive, taking into account that the northern neighboring areas of distribution are considered ancestral due to the haplotype richness. Here, we added new field and genetic data and compiled recent bibliography to update the biogeography and phylogeography of the species in southern South America. To explain the unprecedent lack of genetic variability, we discussed three main aspects: a historical biogeographic aspect related to the natural barriers for the species, a strong stochastic component, and the possible adaptive advantages of the only mitochondrial lineage detected, whose colonization and acclimatization to the new environment were mediated by man. We also estimated that the current distribution range in TDF is about 8527 km2.

中文翻译：

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人为入侵者：南美洲南部巴塔哥尼亚和火地岛的“peludo”Chaetophractus villosus（Xenarthra）的历史生物地理学、当前遗传状况和分布范围

摘要 Chaetophractus villosus 曾分布于玻利维亚南部和巴拉圭南部至巴塔哥尼亚西北部，该物种在更新世的冰川避难所中幸存下来。冰层退去后，该物种进一步向南扩展，到达丘布特河。在过去的两个世纪里，该物种在安第斯山脉两侧的巴塔哥尼亚其余地区定居，并于 1982 年被引入火地岛 (TDF)，在那里它的分布范围扩大到 484 平方公里，直到 2005 年。 单个线粒体控制区单倍型(HC) 在阿根廷巴塔哥尼亚地区基于样本数量少而被描述。考虑到北部邻近的分布区域由于单倍型丰富而被认为是祖先的，这种缺乏变异性是异常而令人印象深刻的。这里，我们添加了新的野外和遗传数据，并汇编了最近的参考书目，以更新南美洲南部物种的生物地理学和系统地理学。为了解释前所未有的缺乏遗传变异性，我们讨论了三个主要方面：与物种的自然屏障相关的历史生物地理方面，强大的随机成分，以及检测到的唯一线粒体谱系可能的适应性优势，其定植和适应新环境是由人促成的。我们还估计 TDF 目前的分布范围约为 8527 平方公里。历史生物地理方面与该物种的天然屏障、强大的随机成分以及检测到的唯一线粒体谱系的可能适应性优势有关，其殖民化和对新环境的适应是由人类介导的。我们还估计 TDF 目前的分布范围约为 8527 平方公里。历史生物地理方面与该物种的自然屏障、强大的随机成分以及检测到的唯一线粒体谱系的可能适应性优势有关，其殖民化和对新环境的适应是由人类介导的。我们还估计 TDF 目前的分布范围约为 8527 平方公里。