Abstract Antibiotic growth promoters in livestock nutrition cause microbial resistance which produces threats to human health. Therefore, tannins have been considered as natural alternative antibiotic feed additives which possess various biological properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory. Additionally, these plants also have antiparasitic and anti-bloat characteristics which contribute to inhibit the enteric methane emission in order to improve nutrient digestibility, milk and meat quality, fatty acids composition and ruminant production. Antibiotic growth promoters have been practiced in animals feeding to increase feed intake, growth rate, weight gain as well as reduce metabolic disorders and energy losses in the rumen. In 2006, the European Union banned the usage of antibiotic growth promoters in the feeding of livestock. This antibiotic resistance issue has increased demand to explore the natural feed additives that might be useful for animal production system. Consequently, natural forages have been categorized as potential feed additives in animal production since it improves nutritive value, protein digestibility, increase amino acid absorption and growth rate. But, some plant materials are usually rich in tannins known as anti-nutritional factors. Therefore, the application of tannin-rich plants in ruminant nutrition needs great precaution due to its possible injurious effects (dose dependent) on animal health such as metabolic disorders. Hence, there is need to give attention to the usage of tannins in ruminant nutrition as an alternative to antibiotics feed additives to investigate its effects on enteric methane emissions and ruminants production. In addition, safety and risk associated with tannins feeding have also been briefly discussed.

中文翻译：

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日粮单宁对肠道甲烷排放和反刍动物产量的潜在影响；作为抗生素饲料添加剂的替代品——综述

摘要 牲畜营养中的抗生素促生长剂会引起微生物耐药性，从而威胁人类健康。因此，单宁被认为是具有多种生物学特性的天然替代抗生素饲料添加剂，包括抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节。此外，这些植物还具有抗寄生虫和抗膨胀特性，有助于抑制肠道甲烷排放，以提高营养消化率、牛奶和肉类质量、脂肪酸组成和反刍动物的产量。抗生素生长促进剂已在动物饲养中使用，以增加饲料摄入量、生长速度、体重增加以及减少瘤胃中的代谢紊乱和能量损失。2006 年，欧盟禁止在牲畜饲养中使用抗生素生长促进剂。这种抗生素耐药性问题增加了探索可能对动物生产系统有用的天然饲料添加剂的需求。因此，天然草料已被归类为动物生产中潜在的饲料添加剂，因为它可以提高营养价值、蛋白质消化率、增加氨基酸吸收和生长速度。但是，一些植物材料通常富含被称为抗营养因子的单宁。因此，在反刍动物营养中应用富含单宁的植物需要非常小心，因为它可能对动物健康产生有害影响（剂量依赖），例如代谢紊乱。因此，需要注意在反刍动物营养中使用单宁作为抗生素饲料添加剂的替代品，以研究其对肠道甲烷排放和反刍动物生产的影响。此外，还简要讨论了与单宁喂养相关的安全性和风险。