Abstract As the frequency and intensity of storms increase, a growing need exists for resilient shore protection techniques that have both environmental and economic benefits. In addition to producing seafood, aquaculture farms may also provide coastal protection benefits either alone or with other nature-based structures. In this paper, a generalized three-layer frequency dependent theoretical model is derived for random wave attenuation due to presence of biomass within the water column. The biomass can be characterized as submerged, emerged, suspended and floating canopies that can consist of natural aquatic vegetation with potential aquaculture systems of kelp or mussels. The present analytical solutions can reduce to the solutions by Mendez and Losada (2004), Chen and Zhao (2012) and Jacobsen et al. (2019) for submerged rigid aquatic vegetation. The present theoretical model incorporates the motion of these canopies using a cantilever-beam model for slender components and a buoy-on-rope model for elements with concentrated mass and buoyancy. Analytical results are compared with existing laboratory and field datasets for submerged and suspended canopies. The theoretical model was then used (in a case study at a field site in Northeastern US) to investigate the capacity of suspended mussel farms with submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) to dissipate wave energy during a recent storm event. Compared to a dense SAV meadow in shallower water, the suspended aquaculture farms more effectively attenuate random waves with a smaller peak period and the higher frequency components of wave spectrum. The performance of suspended aquaculture farms is less affected by water level changes due to tides, surge and sea level rise, while the wave attenuation performance of SAV decreases with increasing water level due to decreased wave motion near the sea bed. Incorporating suspended aquaculture farms offshore significantly enhance the coastal protection effectiveness of SAV-based living shorelines and extend the wave attenuation capacity over a wider wave period and water level range. The combination of suspended aquaculture farms and traditional living shorelines provides a more effective nature-based coastal defense strategy than the traditional living shorelines alone.

中文翻译：

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作为基于自然的海岸保护的水产养殖场：悬浮和水下檐篷的随机波浪衰减

摘要 随着风暴频率和强度的增加，对具有环境和经济效益的弹性海岸保护技术的需求日益增长。除了生产海产品外，水产养殖场还可以单独或与其他基于自然的结构一起提供沿海保护效益。在本文中，由于水柱内生物量的存在，为随机波衰减推导了一个广义的三层频率相关理论模型。生物质可以被表征为淹没的、浮出的、悬浮的和漂浮的檐篷，它们可以由天然水生植被和海带或贻贝的潜在水产养殖系统组成。目前的解析解可以简化为 Mendez 和 Losada（2004）、Chen 和 Zhao（2012）以及 Jacobsen 等人的解。(2019) 用于沉水刚性水生植被。目前的理论模型结合了这些檐篷的运动，对细长部件使用悬臂梁模型，对具有集中质量和浮力的元件使用绳索浮标模型。分析结果与现有的实验室和现场数据集进行了比较，用于淹没和悬浮的檐篷。然后使用该理论模型（在美国东北部野外现场的案例研究中）研究具有沉没水生植被 (SAV) 的悬浮贻贝养殖场在最近的风暴事件中消散波浪能的能力。与较浅水域中密集的 SAV 草甸相比，悬浮水产养殖场更有效地衰减随机波，其峰值周期更小，波谱的频率分量更高。悬浮水产养殖场的性能受潮汐、浪涌和海平面上升引起的水位变化的影响较小，而SAV的波浪衰减性能由于靠近海床的波浪运动减少而随着水位的增加而降低。在海上结合悬浮水产养殖场显着提高了基于 SAV 的生活海岸线的海岸保护效果，并在更宽的波浪周期和水位范围内扩展了波浪衰减能力。悬浮水产养殖场与传统生物海岸线的结合提供了一种比传统生物海岸线更有效的基于自然的海防战略。而SAV的波浪衰减性能随着海床附近波浪运动的减少而随着水位的增加而降低。在海上结合悬浮水产养殖场显着提高了基于 SAV 的生活海岸线的海岸保护效果，并在更宽的波浪周期和水位范围内扩展了波浪衰减能力。悬浮水产养殖场与传统生物海岸线的结合提供了一种比传统生物海岸线更有效的基于自然的海防战略。而SAV的波浪衰减性能随着海床附近波浪运动的减少而随着水位的增加而降低。在海上结合悬浮水产养殖场显着提高了基于 SAV 的生活海岸线的海岸保护效果，并在更宽的波浪周期和水位范围内扩展了波浪衰减能力。悬浮水产养殖场与传统生物海岸线的结合提供了一种比传统生物海岸线更有效的基于自然的海防战略。