Unlike existing silicon, CIGS, and multi-junction cells that exhibit remarkable mechanical durability, perovskite solar cells have been shown to delaminate when subjected to the mechanical loads that occur during processing and field exposures, limiting their potential as a reliable solar technology. Mechanical reinforcement is thus essential for durable and reliable perovskite technologies. A recent strategy to overcome the thermomechanical fragility of perovskite solar cells is to extrinsically shield them by introducing reinforcing scaffolds which partition the cell into many distinct microcells, but improvements in mechanical stability coincide with a reduced device efficiency due to parasitic absorption by the scaffold. We address this reduced efficiency by integrating concentrating immersion-lens arrays (CILAs) into scaffold-reinforced solar cells. These scaffolds are lithographically patterned by a maskless process, in which ultraviolet light is used to pattern the scaffolds through the CILAs, ensuring self-alignment and optical contact with the microcells. This process creates mm-scale scaffold patterns with a line edge roughness of 17.5 ± 4.3 µm and line width roughness of 26.4 ± 8.5 µm. Perovskite devices are deposited into the microcells, and during operation, light is concentrated into the microcells and away from the insulating scaffolds, resulting in mechanically resilient solar cells with efficiencies comparable to planar devices. The devices with the strongest lenses—i.e., lower radius of curvature—recover up to 89 ± 15% of photocurrent and 91 ± 29% power conversion efficiency that would have been otherwise lost to parasitic absorption. Ray-tracing simulations of the CILAs also demonstrate passive tracking of incident light which is critical for optimal power output as the sun moves across the sky during the day. In these simulations, devices with CILAs showed improved passive tracking compared to devices without CILAs out to 60° off-normal. The UV stability of CILAs are experimentally verified through aging tests which show no change in their mechanical integrity after 1000 h of UV exposure. The simplicity of the fabrication process and the efficiency of the resulting scaffolded devices show that a lens-integrated scaffold-reinforced structure is a potential pathway to high-performance, robust, commercially viable perovskite solar cells.

与表现出卓越机械耐久性的现有硅，CIGS和多结电池不同，钙钛矿型太阳能电池在承受加工和野外照射过程中发生的机械负载时会分层，从而限制了其作为可靠太阳能技术的潜力。因此，机械加固对于耐用和可靠的钙钛矿技术至关重要。克服钙钛矿型太阳能电池的热机械脆性的最新策略是通过引入增强支架来外在地屏蔽它们，该增强支架将电池分成许多不同的微电池，但是由于支架的寄生吸收，机械稳定性的提高与器件效率的降低相吻合。我们通过将集中式浸没式透镜阵列（CILA）集成到支架加固的太阳能电池中来解决这种降低的效率。这些支架通过无掩模工艺进行光刻构图，其中紫外线用于通过CILA对支架进行构图，从而确保自对准以及与微细胞的光学接触。此过程将创建毫米级的脚手架图案，其线边缘粗糙度为17.5±4.3 µm，线宽粗糙度为26.4±8.5 µm。钙钛矿器件沉积在微电池中，并且在操作过程中，光会聚到微电池中并远离绝缘支架，从而产生具有机械强度的太阳能电池，其效率可与平面设备媲美。具有最强镜片的设备，即 较低的曲率半径-可以恢复高达89±15％的光电流和91±29％的功率转换效率，否则这些光会被寄生吸收所损失。CILA的光线跟踪模拟还演示了被动跟踪入射光，这对于白天白天在天空中移动时获得最佳功率输出至关重要。在这些仿真中，与没有CILA偏离正常60°的设备相比，具有CILA的设备显示出改进的被动跟踪。CILA的紫外线稳定性已通过老化测试进行了实验验证，老化测试表明，暴露1000小时后其机械完整性没有变化。制造过程的简单性和所得到的脚手架设备的效率表明，集成有透镜的脚手架增强结构是实现高性能，坚固耐用，