Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro and ex vivo oral mucosa equivalents have been used for oral disease modeling and investigation of the mechanisms of oral bacterial and fungal infections. This review was conducted to analyze different studies using 3D oral mucosa models for the evaluation of the interactions of different microorganisms with oral mucosa. In this study, based on our inclusion criteria, 43 articles were selected and analyzed. Different types of 3D oral mucosa models of bacterial and fungal infections were discussed in terms of the biological system used, culture conditions, method of infection, and the biological endpoints assessed in each study. The critical analysis revealed some contradictory reports in this field of research in the literature. Challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models were further discussed, suggesting possible future directions in microbiomics, including the use of oral mucosa-on-a-chip. The potential use of these 3D tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents on bacteria and oral mucosa was also addressed. This review concluded that there were many aspects that would require optimization and standardization with regard to using oral mucosal models for infection by microorganisms. Using new technologies—such as microfluidics and bioreactors—could help to reproduce some of the physiologically relevant conditions and further simulate the clinical situation.

中文翻译：

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真菌和细菌感染的三维体外口腔粘膜模型。

口腔黏膜是许多涉及牙周炎和其他影响口腔的传染病的微生物的靶组织。体外和离体三维 (3D)口腔粘膜等效物已用于口腔疾病建模和口腔细菌和真菌感染机制的研究。本综述旨在分析使用 3D 口腔黏膜模型评估不同微生物与口腔黏膜相互作用的不同研究。在本研究中，根据我们的纳入标准，选择并分析了 43 篇文章。讨论了不同类型的细菌和真菌感染的 3D 口腔黏膜模型，包括使用的生物系统、培养条件、感染方法和每项研究中评估的生物终点。批判性分析揭示了文献中这一研究领域的一些相互矛盾的报道。进一步讨论了从口腔黏膜模型中回收细菌的挑战，提出微生物组学未来可能的方向，包括口腔粘膜芯片的使用。还讨论了这些 3D 组织模型在评估防腐剂对细菌和口腔粘膜的影响方面的潜在用途。该综述得出的结论是，在使用口腔粘膜模型进行微生物感染方面，有许多方面需要优化和标准化。使用新技术——例如微流体和生物反应器——可以帮助重现一些生理相关条件并进一步模拟临床情况。该综述得出的结论是，在使用口腔粘膜模型进行微生物感染方面，有许多方面需要优化和标准化。使用新技术——例如微流体和生物反应器——可以帮助重现一些生理相关条件并进一步模拟临床情况。该综述得出的结论是，在使用口腔粘膜模型进行微生物感染方面，有许多方面需要优化和标准化。使用新技术——例如微流体和生物反应器——可以帮助重现一些生理相关条件并进一步模拟临床情况。