Systematic cryo-banking of reproductive tissues could enhance reproductive management and ensure sustainability of rare mammalian genotypes. Testicular tissues contain a vast number of germ cells, including at early stages (spermatogonia and spermatocytes), that can potentially develop into viable spermatozoa after grafting or culture in vitro, and the resulting sperm cells then can be used for assisted reproductive techniques. The objective of this review was to describe current advances, limitations, and perspectives related to the use of testicular tissue preservation as a strategy for the conservation of male fertility. Testes can be obtained from mature or prepubertal individuals, immediately postmortem or by orchiectomy, but testicular biopsies could also be an alternative to collect samples from living individuals. Testicular fragments can be then cryopreserved by using slow or ultra-rapid freezing, or even vitrification methods. The composition of cryopreservation media can vary according to species-specific characteristics, especially regarding the cryoprotectant type and concentration. Finally, spermatozoa have been usually obtained after xenografting of testicular fragments into severely immunodeficient mice, while this method still has to be optimized after in vitro culture conditions.

中文翻译：

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睾丸组织的冷冻保存和培养：生物多样性保存的重要工具。

生殖组织的系统性冷冻库可以增强生殖管理并确保稀有哺乳动物基因型的可持续性。睾丸组织包含大量生殖细胞，包括早期阶段（精原细胞和精细胞），在移植或体外培养后可能会发育成活的精子，然后将产生的精细胞用于辅助生殖技术。这篇综述的目的是描述与睾丸组织保存作为雄性育性保存策略有关的最新进展，局限性和观点。可以从成熟或青春期前的个体获得睾丸，可以立即进行死后或通过睾丸切除术获得，但是睾丸活检也可以替代从活着的个体收集样品的方法。然后可以使用缓慢或超快速冷冻，甚至玻璃化方法将睾丸片段冷冻保存。冷冻保存介质的成分可以根据物种的特定特征而变化，尤其是关于冷冻保护剂的类型和浓度。最后，体外培养条件。