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Determination of the Levels of Heavy Metals and Formaldehyde in Baby Clothes in South Africa: A Case Study of Stores in the Greater Cape Town Region
Journal of Spectroscopy ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-28 , DOI: 10.1155/2020/5084062
P. Nyamukamba 1 , C. Bantom 1 , Z. Mququ 1 , T. Ngcobo 1 , S. Isaacs 1
Affiliation  

Herein, we report on the determination of formaldehyde, pH, and heavy metals (Pb, As, Co, Cr, Ni, and Cd) in various baby apparel (cotton, polyester, nylon, elastane, and polyethylene) of different colours (light, medium, and dark) purchased from both high-end and low-end market stores. The concentrations of the heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) after wet digestion and also after extraction using artificial sweat for a selected range of skin-contact baby apparel. The relative standard deviation for the determination of all heavy metals was less than 5% except for nickel which was 10.49%. The concentrations of the heavy metals in wet digested samples were found to be in the following range: Pb (0.02–23.662 mg/kg), As (0.009–0.033 mg/kg), Co (0.001–1.053 mg/kg), Cr (0.053–6.373 mg/kg), Ni (0.039–36.715 mg/kg), and Cd (0.001–0.914 mg/kg), whereas the concentrations in artificial sweat extracted samples were in the following range: Pb (0.006–1.658 mg/kg), As (not detected), Co (0.001–1.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.112–0.371 mg/kg), Ni (0.062–0.121 mg/kg), and Cd (0.001–0.018 mg/kg). The highest concentrations of Pb, Cr, and Co after wet digestion were found in baby apparel purchased from low-end market stores, whereas for As, Ni, and Cd were from high-end market stores. All the samples had a formaldehyde concentration within the acceptable limits recommended by Oeko-Tex. Out of the thirty-four samples analysed, fifteen samples were found to have a pH higher than Oeko-Tex limits. The pH values for the samples that exceeded the Oeko-Tex limits were in the alkali region, and the highest was 11.31 which exceeded by 3.81.

中文翻译:

南非婴儿服装中重金属和甲醛含量的测定:以大开普敦地区的商店为例

在此,我们报告了不同颜色(浅色)的各种婴儿服装(棉,聚酯,尼龙,氨纶和聚乙烯)中甲醛,pH和重金属(铅,砷,钴,铬,镍和镉)的测定方法,中级和深色)从高端和低端市场商店购买。重金属的浓度是通过湿消解后以及使用人工汗液针对选定范围的皮肤接触式婴儿服装进行萃取后,通过电感耦合等离子体(ICP)确定的。用于测定所有重金属的相对标准偏差小于5%(镍为10.49%)。湿消化样品中的重金属浓度在以下范围内:铅(0.02–23.662 mg / kg),砷(0.009–0.033 mg / kg),钴(0.001–1.053 mg / kg),铬(0.053–6.373 mg / kg),镍(0.039–36.715 mg / kg),和镉(0.001–0.914 mg / kg),而人工汗液提取样品中的浓度在以下范围内:铅(0.006–1.658 mg / kg),砷(未检测到),钴(0.001–1.05 mg / kg) ,Cr(0.112–0.371 mg / kg),Ni(0.062–0.121 mg / kg)和Cd(0.001–0.018 mg / kg)。从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中,湿消化后的Pb,Cr和Co含量最高,而As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超出Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。而人工汗液提取样品中的浓度在以下范围内:Pb(0.006-1.658 mg / kg),As(未检测到),Co(0.001-1.05 mg / kg),Cr(0.112-0.371 mg / kg),镍(0.062–0.121 mg / kg)和镉(0.001–0.018 mg / kg)。从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中,湿消化后的Pb,Cr和Co含量最高,而As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超过Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。而人工汗液提取样品中的浓度在以下范围内:Pb(0.006-1.658 mg / kg),As(未检测到),Co(0.001-1.05 mg / kg),Cr(0.112-0.371 mg / kg),镍(0.062–0.121 mg / kg)和镉(0.001–0.018 mg / kg)。从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中,湿消化后的Pb,Cr和Co含量最高,而As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超出Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。658 mg / kg),砷(未检出),钴(0.001-1.05 mg / kg),铬(0.112-0.371 mg / kg),镍(0.062-0.121 mg / kg)和镉(0.001-0.018 mg / kg公斤)。从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中,湿消化后的Pb,Cr和Co含量最高,而As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超出Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。658 mg / kg),砷(未检出),钴(0.001-1.05 mg / kg),铬(0.112-0.371 mg / kg),镍(0.062-0.121 mg / kg)和镉(0.001-0.018 mg / kg公斤)。从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中,湿消化后的Pb,Cr和Co含量最高,而As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超过Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。在从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中发现了湿消化后的Co和Co,而对于As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买了婴儿服装。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超出Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。在从低端市场商店购买的婴儿服装中发现了湿消化后的Co和Co,而对于As,Ni和Cd则从高端市场商店购买了婴儿服装。所有样品的甲醛浓度均在Oeko-Tex建议的可接受范围内。在分析的34个样品中,发现15个样品的pH值高于Oeko-Tex限值。超出Oeko-Tex限值的样品的pH值在碱性区域,最高为11.31,超过3.81。
更新日期:2020-02-28
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